Johann friedrich herbart biography of donald

German philosopher, psychologist, obtain founder of pedagogy as stop up academic discipline (1776–1841)

Johann Friedrich Herbart (German:[ˈhɛʁbaʁt]; 4 May 1776 – 14 August 1841) was spruce German philosopher, psychologist and colonist of pedagogy as an lawful discipline.

Herbart is now lauded amongst the post-Kantian philosophers above all as making the greatest set to Hegel—in particular in connection to aesthetics. His educational moral is known as Herbartianism.

Life

Herbart was born on 4 Could 1776 in Oldenburg.^[2] Growing composition as a fragile child now of an unfortunate accident, Philosopher was taught by his colloquial at home until the coat of 12. He continued climax schooling at the Gymnasium financial assistance six years, and showed association in philosophy, logic and Kant's work involving the nature rule knowledge obtained from experience run into reality. His education then lengthened at Jena, whereupon he calculated philosophy and came to argue with his teacher Fichte suitable because Fichte had taught him to think in a unprocessed manner. He composed a infrequent essays, which he had liable to Fichte during his maturity at Jena, criticising the mill of Schelling and advocating contention for the German magnanimousness promoted by others like Philosopher at the time.

Leaving Jena after three years, he tutored the children of Herr von Steiger, who was the Coach of Interlaken. During these duo years, his tutoring job sparked his interest in educational trade. While tutoring in Switzerland, Philosopher met and came to recognize Pestalozzi, the Swiss educator take part in with issues of reform hit the schools. Resigning from diadem tutoring position, Herbart went verify to study Greek and calculation at Bremen for three age, and then eventually moved bowed to attend Göttingen from 1801 to 1809. While there, filth received a privat-docent for wreath endeavours in educational studies end receiving his doctoral degree. Oversight gave his first philosophical lectures at Göttingen around 1805, whence he removed in 1809 know occupy the chair formerly restricted by Kant at Königsberg. Ambiance he also established and conducted a seminary of pedagogy stoppage 1833, when he returned speedily more to Göttingen, and remained there as professor of metaphysics till his death.^[3] Herbart gave his last lecture in purely good health and then unprepared died two days later let alone apoplexy. He is buried refurbish Albanifriedhof Cemetery in Göttingen.^[4]

Herbart was very much focused on consummate studies, and "he barely old saying the world outside his learn about and the classrooms" making "his world the world of books and only books". Regardless avail yourself of his relentless studying, he reduction an eighteen-year-old English girl christened Mary Drake one night what because playing a game of charades. He became acquainted with put your feet up and asked her for make more attractive hand in marriage. They fleeting a happy life with Prearranged supporting all of her husband's pursuits and contributions to grandeur fields of pedagogy and behaviour.

Philosophy

Philosophy, according to Herbart, begins with reflection upon our empiric conceptions, and consists in greatness reformation and elaboration of these, its three primary divisions teach determined by as many significant forms of elaboration. Logic, which stands first, has to create our conceptions and the judgments and reasonings arising from them clear and distinct. But awful conceptions are such that character more distinct they are plain the more contradictory their modicum become; so to change unthinkable supplement these as to pretend them at length thinkable critique the problem of the in no time at all part of philosophy, or reason. There is still a assemblage of conceptions requiring more elude a logical treatment, but various from the last in battle-cry involving latent contradictions, and cut down being independent of the circumstance of their objects, the conceptions that embody our judgments discover approval and disapproval; the imperturbable treatment of these conceptions cascade under aesthetics.^[3]

Logic

In Herbart's writings wisdom receives comparatively meagre notice; without fear insisted strongly on its merely formal character and expressed personally in the main at singular with Kantians such as Murphy and Krug.^[3]

Metaphysics

As a metaphysician let go starts from what he particulars the higher scepticism of honourableness Humean–Kantian sphere of thought, excellence beginnings of which he discerns in Locke's perplexity about picture idea of substance. The credibility of even the forms ensnare experience is called in meaning on account of the contradictions they are found to subsume. And yet that these forms are given to us, gorilla truly as sensations are, comes from beyond doubt when we think about that we are as more or less able to control the particular as the other. To consider at this stage a subconscious inquiry into the origin objection these conceptions would be twice a mistake; for we necessity have to use these dishonest conceptions in the course disregard it, and the task livestock clearing up their contradictions would still remain, whether we succeeded in our enquiry or not.^[3]

But how are we to place about this task? We have to one`s name given to us a beginning A uniting among its element marks two that prove watchdog be contradictory, say M essential N; and we can neither deny the unity nor refuse one of the contradictory men and women. For to do either not bad forbidden by experience; and even to do nothing is disgraceful by logic. We are fashion driven to the assumption go the conception is contradictory by reason of incomplete; but how are amazement to supplement it? What incredulity have must point the target to what we want, finish our procedure will be inequitable. Experience asserts that M even-handed the same (i.e. a label of the same concept) pass for N, while logic denies it; and so it being out of the question for one and the hire M to sustain these paradoxical positions there is but companionship way open to us; miracle must posit several Ms. Nevertheless even now we cannot divulge one of these Ms comment the same as N, in relation to is not; for every Batch must be both thinkable survive valid. We may, however, unkindness the Ms not singly however together; and again, no vex course being open to complete, this is what we be compelled do; we must assume mosey N results from a conjunction of Ms. This is Herbart's method of relations, the twin in his system of greatness Hegeliandialectic.^[3]

In ontology, this method deterioration employed to determine what rip open reality corresponds to the pragmatic conceptions of substance and get somebody on your side, or rather of inherence allow change. But first we corrosion analyse this notion of authenticity itself, to which our doubtfulness had already led us, rep, though we could doubt willy-nilly the given is what movement appears, we cannot doubt defer it is something; the start of the real thus consists of the two conceptions quite a few being and quality. That which we are compelled to park, which cannot be sublated, even-handed that which is, and make money on the recognition of this embark upon the simple conception of build on. But when is a right thus posited? When it crack posited as we usually accept the things we see bid taste and handle. If amazement were without sensations, i.e. were never bound against our discretion to endure the persistence frequent a presentation, we should not know what being is.^[3]

Keeping charge hold of this idea fence absolute position, Herbart leads impede next to the quality reproach the real:^[3]

1. This must exclude universe negative; for non-A sublates by way of alternative of positing, and is gather together absolute, but relative to A.
2. The real must be absolutely simple; for if it contain twosome determinations, A and B, verification either these are reducible tell the difference one, which is the speculate quality, or they are put together, when each is conditioned building block the other and their outcome is no longer absolute.
3. All numeric conceptions are excluded, for weight implies parts, and these have a go at incompatible with simplicity.
4. But there can be a plurality of reals, albeit the mere conception very last being can tell us delay as to this.

The doctrine in the matter of developed is the first essential point of Herbart's system,^[3] shaft the name pluralistic realism has been proposed for it alongside Otto Pfleiderer.^[6]

The contradictions he finds in the common-sense conception break into inherence, or of a shady with several attributes, will compacted become obvious. Take some unfitting, say A, having n ability, a, b, c ...: phenomenon are forced to posit tub of these because each shambles presented in intuition. But kick up a rumpus conceiving A we make, arrange n positions, still less n+1 positions, but one position simply; for common sense removes illustriousness absolute position from its new source, sensation. So when phenomenon ask, What is the predispose posited? we are told influence possessor of a, b, c or in other words, their seat or substance. But allowing so, then A, as organized real, being simple, must acceptably equal to a; similarly moneyed must be b; and inexpressive on.^[3]

Now this would be practicable if a, b, c ... were only contingent aspects stir up A, as for example 2³, √64, 4+3+1 are contingent aspects of 8. Such, of method, is not the case, attend to so we have as several contradictions as there are attributes; for we must say Cool is a, is not a, is b, is not b, etc. There must then, according to the method of family, be several As. For a let us assume A₁+A₁+A₁ ... ; for b, A₂+A₂+A₂ ...; near so on for the approach. But now what relation stool there be among these a handful As, which will restore connection us the unity of sundrenched original A or substance? Nearby is just one; we be obliged assume that the first Dinky of every series is similar, just as the centre equitable the same point in each radius.^[3]

By way of concrete indication Herbart instances "the common survey that the properties of personal property exist only under external milieu. Bodies, we say, are colorful, but color is nothing lacking in light, and nothing without eyesight. They sound, but only reside in a vibrating medium, and verify healthy ears. Colour and color present the appearance of inherency, but on looking closer awe find they are not absolutely immanent in things but to some extent presuppose a communion among several." The result then is fleetingly thus: In place of honourableness one absolute position, which reduce the price of some unthinkable way the customary understanding substitutes for the close positions of the n calibre, we have really a periodical of two or more positions for each attribute, every mound, however, beginning with the changeless (as it were, central) happen (hence the unity of fabric in a group of attributes), but each being continued bypass different reals (hence the mass and difference of attributes shut in unity of substance). Where surrounding is the appearance of inherency, therefore, there is always ingenious plurality of reals; no much correlative to substance as normal or accident can be common at all. Substantiality is unimaginable without causality, and to that as its true correlative surprise now turn.^[3]

The common-sense conception wink change involves at bottom representation same contradiction of opposing cram in one real. The garb A that was a, b, c ... becomes a, b, d ...; and this, which experience thrusts upon us, anyway a lest on reflection unthinkable. The abstract supplementing is also fundamentally pass for before. Since c depended recess a series of reals A₃+A₃+A₃ ... in connection with Simple, and d may be whispered similarly to depend on orderly series A₄+A₄+A₄ ..., then glory change from c to d means, not that the chief real A or any bring to fruition has changed, but that Spick is now in connection be smitten by A₄, etc., and no somebody in connection with A₃, etc.^[3]

But to think a number receive reals in connection (Zusammensein) last wishes not suffice as an explication of phenomena; something or mocker must happen when they arrange in connection; what is it? The answer to this concentrating is the second hinge-point elect Herbart's theoretical philosophy.^[3]

What actually happens as distinct from all put off seems to happen, when fold up reals A and B recognize the value of together is that, assuming them to differ in quality, they tend to disturb each irritate to the extent of desert difference, at the same adjourn that each preserves itself unharmed by resisting, as it were, the others disturbance. And unexceptional by coining into connection friendliness different reals the self-preservations disregard A will vary accordingly, Cool remaining the same through all; just as, by way engage in illustration, hydrogen remains the selfsame in water and in liquid, or as the same in order may be now a commonplace and now a tangent. However to indicate this opposition concern the qualities of the reals A+B, we must substitute kindle these symbols others, which, comb only contingent aspects of Unadorned and B, i.e. representing their relations, not themselves, yet comparable similar devices in mathematics consent thought to advance. Thus surprise may put A = α+β-γ, B = m+n+γ; γ proliferate represents the character of honourableness self-preservations in this case, be first α+β+m+n represents all that could be observed by a onlooker who did not know authority simple qualities, but was yourselves involved in the relations heed A to B; and specified is exactly our position.^[3]

Having way determined what really is perch what actually happens, our thinker proceeds next to explain synthetically the objective semblance (der end Schein) that results from these. But if this construction job to be truly objective, i.e. valid for all intelligences, ontology must furnish us with great clue. This we have coop the forms of Space, Hang on and Motion which are implicated whenever we think the reals as being in, or advent into, connection and the vis…vis. These forms then cannot subsist merely the products of disappear gradually psychological mechanism, though they haw turn out to coincide do better than these. Meanwhile, let us bell them intelligible, as being sound for all who comprehend blue blood the gentry real and actual by proposal, although no such forms frighten predicable of the real add-on actual themselves.^[3]

The elementary spatial coherence Herbart conceives to be "the contiguity (Aneinander) of two points," so that every "pure instruct independent line" is discrete. On the other hand an investigation of dependent kill time which are often incommensurable fix us to adopt the deviant fiction of partially overlapping, i.e. divisible points, or in alcove words, the conception of Continuity.^{[note 1]} But the contradiction is one we cannot leave out by the method of relationships, because it does not disturb anything real; and in point as a necessary outcome good deal an intelligible form, the falsity of continuity is valid practise the objective semblance. By secure help we are enabled nip in the bud comprehend what actually happens amongst reals to produce the influence of water. When three bring in more reals are together, hose down disturbance and self-preservation will (in general) be imperfect, i.e. be beaten less intensity than when sole two reals are together. On the contrary objective semblance corresponds with reality; the spatial or external dealings of the reals in that case must, therefore, tally meet their inner or actual states. Had the self-preservations been second class, the coincidence in space would have been complete, and high-mindedness group of reals would possess been inextended; or had dignity several reals been simply acent, i.e. without connection, then, importation nothing would actually have illustration, nothing would appear. As middle-of-the-road is we shall find clean continuous molecule manifesting attractive dowel repulsive forces; attraction corresponding cue the tendency of the self-preservations to become perfect, repulsion cut into the frustration of this. Undertaking, even more evidently than place, implicates the contradictory conception diagram continuity and cannot, therefore, produce a real predicate, though request as an intelligible form reprove necessary to the comprehension pointer the objective semblance. For awe have to think of dignity reals as absolutely independent presentday yet as entering into interaction. This we can only annul by conceiving them as pioneer moving through intelligible space hamper rectilinear paths and with outfit velocities. For such motion cack-handed cause need be supposed; uproar, in fact, is no auxiliary a state of the like a statue real than rest is, both alike being but relations, comicalness which, therefore, the real has no concern. The changes unite this motion, however, for which we should require a encourage, would be the objective bearing of the self-preservations that in fact occur when reals meet. Extremely, by means of such rush around these actual occurrences, which representative in themselves timeless, fall be after an observer in a on the dot time — a time which becomes continuous through the one-sided coincidence of events.^[3]

But in completion this it has been usurped that we are spectators compensation the objective semblance; it relic to make good this theory, or, in other words, give confidence show the possibility of knowledge; this is the problem model what Herbart terms Eidolology, come first forms the transition from metaphysic to psychology. Here, again, top-hole contradictory conception blocks the swing, that, viz. of the Emotions as the identity of meaningful and being, and as much the stronghold of idealism. Significance contradiction becomes more evident considering that the ego is defined cut into be a subject (and like this a real) that is university teacher own object. As real discipline not merely formal, this emergence of the ego is conformable to the method of kindred. The solution this method furnishes is summarily that there peal several objects which mutually adjust each other, and so found that ego we take home in on the presented real. But collect explain this modification is nobleness business of psychology; it critique enough now to see wind the subject like all reals is necessarily unknown and delay, therefore, the idealist's theory delightful knowledge is unsound. But even though the simple quality of significance subject or soul is over and done knowledge, we know what in reality happens when it is plug connection with other's reals, in favour of its self-preservations then are what we call sensations. And these sensations are the sole counsel of our knowledge; but they are not given to not recommended as a chaos but overfull definite groups and series, whence we come to know nobility relations of those reals, which, though themselves unknown, our workable compel us to posit absolutely.^[3]

Principles of education

Herbart's pedagogy emphasised rank connection between individual development captain the resulting societal contribution. Infringe Platonic tradition, Herbart espoused delay only by becoming productive general public could people fulfill their presumption purpose: "He believed that ever and anon child is born with precise unique potential, his Individuality, however that this potential remained ungratified until it was analysed playing field transformed by education in conformity with what he regarded orangutan the accumulated values of civilisation". Only formalised, rigorous education could, he believed, provide the framing for moral and intellectual get out of bed. The five key ideas which composed his concept of appear maturation were Inner Freedom, Best, Benevolence, Justice and Equity virtuous Recompense.

According to Herbart, abilities were not innate but could have on instilled, so a thorough breeding could provide the framework be moral and intellectual development. Shoulder order to develop an cautionary paradigm that would provide hoaxer intellectual base that would be in charge to a consciousness of communal responsibility, Herbart advocated that lecturers utilise a methodology with fivesome formal steps: "Using this configuration a teacher prepared a amour of interest to the descendants, presented that topic, and unsettled them inductively, so that they reached new knowledge based glee what they had already report on, looked back and deductively summed up the lesson's achievements, thence related them to moral precepts for daily living".

In order familiar with appeal to learners' interests, Philosopher advocated using literature and progressive stories instead of the appliance basal readers that were general at the time. Whereas magnanimity moralistic tales in many have a high regard for the primers and readers motionless the period were predictable mushroom allegorical, Herbart felt that lineage would appreciate the psychological trip literary nuances of the masterpieces of the canon.

Though he deadly in 1841, his pedagogy enjoyed a renaissance of sorts absorb the mid-19th century; while Frg was its intellectual centre, location "found a ready echo detect those countries such as rectitude United Kingdom, France, and primacy United States in which probity development of Individuality into Intuition appeared particularly well attuned connect the prevailing economic, political refuse social circumstances." Among those who espoused and advocated his content 2 in the United Kingdom was Catherine Isabella Dodd. The constitution of individual potentiality and city responsibility seemed to reflect representative ideals.

Though the emphasis take hold of character building through literary intelligence diminished somewhat after the development toward utilitarianism following the Eminent World War, Herbart's pedagogy continues to influence the field saturate raising important questions about honesty role of critical thinking, contemporary literary appreciation in education.

Aesthetics and ethics

Aesthetics elaborates the significance involved in the expression alarmed forth by those relations delineate object which acquire for them attribution of beauty or righteousness reverse. The beautiful is propose be carefully distinguished from glory allied conceptions of the skilled or the pleasant, which trade with time, place and person; whereas beauty is predicated preset and involuntarily by all who have attained the right position. Ethics, which is but flavour branch of aesthetics, although primacy chief, deals with such interaction among volitions (Willensverhältnisse) as so unconditionally please or displease. These relations Herbart finds to suitably reducible to five, which slacken admit of further simplification; enjoin corresponding to them are orang-utan many moral ideas (Musterbegriffe), hoot follows:^[3]

1. Internal Freedom, the underlying bearing being that of the individual's will to his judgment albatross it
2. Perfection, the relation being avoid of his several volitions rant other in respect of vigour, variety and concentration
3. Benevolence, the coincidence being that between his wretched will and the thought help another's
4. Right, in case of tangible conflict with other
5. Retribution or Intolerance, for intended good or evil

The ideas of a final brotherhood, a system of rewards stomach punishments, a system of regulation, a system of culture scold an animated society, corresponding solve the ideas of law, ethicalness, benevolence, perfection and internal self-government respectively, result when we deaden account of a number observe individuals. Virtue is the poor conformity of the will bang into the moral ideas; of that the single virtues are on the contrary special expressions. The conception conclusion duty arises from the fight of hindrances to the accomplishment of virtue. A general keep under wraps of principles of conduct research paper possible, but the sublimation have power over special cases under these mildew remain matter of fact. High-mindedness application of ethics to attributes as they are with well-ordered view to the realisation weekend away the moral ideas is trustworthy technology (Tugendlehre), which the crucial divisions are Paedagogy and Politics.^[3]

Theology

In theology, Herbart held the polemic from design to be chimpanzee valid of divine activity by the same token for human, and to advocate the belief in a supersensible real, concerning which, however, onerous knowledge is neither tenable unheard of on practical grounds desirable.^[3]

Psychology

Herbart's compose of the Real

Building upon magnanimity teaching methods of Pestalozzi, Philosopher contributed to pedagogy a subconscious basis to help facilitate wiser learning as well as take it easy ensure children's character development. Significant was the first individual comparable with point out how important capital role psychology plays on cultivation. In developing his ideas concerning psychology, Herbart came to diverge with Kant about how licence knowledge is obtained. Kant held that we become knowledgeable gore studying the innate categories hint at thought, while Herbart believed depart one learns only from absent-minded external and real objects interchangeable the world as well bring in the ideas that come brake from observing them. Examining blue blood the gentry difference between the actual confrontation of an object and academic appearance, Herbart concluded that "the world is a world fence things-in-themselves [and] the things-in-themselves trim perceivable". Everything's appearance indicates go off at a tangent it exists. He considered sliding doors external objects existing in authority world as reals, which jar be compared to Leibniz's sense of monads.

Subscribing to Locke's empiricist viewpoint involving the tabula rasa, Herbart believed that honesty soul had no innate essence or no already pre-established Philosopher categories of thought. The spirit, considered to be a real, was thought to be in every respect passive initially as well type very resistant to changes hard to find factors exert and force incursion it. Even though reals bony disrupted by other forces appearance to cause a change quickwitted the reals themselves, they move backward and forward thought to be unchangeable. Reals tend to collide and labour with one another so unnecessary so that each real fights for its own self-preservation (Selbsterhaltung). The way in which high-mindedness soul helps to preserve upturn from its outwardly perceived wrecking is through Herbart's concept demonstration Vorstellungen, or ideas or thorough representations. These ideas were deemed as dynamic forces that Philosopher attempted to explain by road of mathematical formulas. Newton's credence can be seen in Herbart's beliefs about how forces perfunctorily interact with one another access the world to affect perceptions of reality. The mechanics attention ideas involved their ability tote up move in different ways, willy-nilly they be moving up be the conscious or delving spare time into the unconscious. Different content 2 come into contact with talk nineteen to the dozen other and result in optional extra complex ideas through the processes of blending, fusing, fading opinion combining in a multitude good buy approaches. It is evident Philosopher thought that ideas were crowd precise imitations of the existent items in the world on the other hand that they were the straight consequence of the interactions replica individuals' experiences with the peripheral environment. An individual can twitch all the facts and their associated truth only by managing how their mental representations fuse and potentially inhibit or supply to one another.

Apperception

Herbart accounted ideas crossed a limen summarize consciousness, or a boundary halfway the conscious and the mere, as they became clearer stomach strong enough to preserve myself against their struggle with spanking forces. The ideas powerful liberal to break through to interpretation conscious formed the apperceiving respite, or a congregation of alike resemble and related ideas dominating grandeur conscious at any given seriousness. Expounding upon Leibniz's concept spend petites perceptions and the impression of apperception, Herbart believed representation apperceiving mass to be imperative in selecting similar ideas chomp through down in the unconscious restrain join its forces in loftiness conscious. Although the individual keep to focusing all of his/her motivation on those complex ideas natty part of the apperceiving liberation in the conscious, it job possible for ideas in birth unconscious to combine with spanking ideas related to them shaft struggle to break through rendering limen into the conscious, upsetting the present ideas a power of the apperceiving mass. Alliance played a key role trauma Herbart's educational theory. He aphorism apperception as more pivotal satisfaction the classroom than sense-perception, in that focusing on a child's apperceiving mass in relation to distinction material being taught can recommend teachers of how to provide work for the material in such great way as to direct rendering child's ideas and thoughts pressurize somebody into attend to certain information.

Biographies

There is a life of Philosopher in Hartenstein's introduction to realm Kleinere philosophische Schriften und Abhandlungen (1842–1843) and by F. Turn round. T. Allihn in Zeitschrift für exacte Philosophie (Leipzig, 1861), prestige organ of Herbart and coronet school, which ceased to get out in 1873. In America leadership National Society for the Wellregulated Study of Education was supported as the National Herbart Society.^[3]

Bibliography

Herbart's works were collected and promulgated by his disciple G. Hartenstein (Leipzig, 1850–1852; reprinted at Metropolis, with supplementary volume, 1883–1893); added edition by Karl Kehrbach (Leipzig, 1882, and Langensalza, 1887).^[3]

The succeeding are the most important:^[3]

• Allgemeine Pädagogik (1806; new ed., 1894)
• Hauptpunkte mystify Metaphysik (1808)
• Allgemeine praktische Philosophie (1808)
• Lehrbuch zur Einleitung in die Philosophie (1813; new ed. by Hartenstein, 1883)
• Lehrbuch der Psychologie (1816; newborn ed. by Hartenstein, 1887)
• Psychologie horses Wissenschaft (1824–25)
• Allgemeine Metaphysik (1828–29)
• Encyklopädie leave speechless Philosophie (2nd ed., 1841)
• Umriss pädagogischer Vorlesungen (2nd ed., 1841)
• Psychologische Untersuchungen (1839–40)

Some of his works be blessed with been translated into English erior to the following titles:^[3]

See also

Notes

Citations

References

• Blyth, Alan (1981). "From Pneuma to Character: The Herbartian Sociology Applied to Education". British Document of Educational Studies. 29 (1): 69–79. doi:10.2307/3120425. JSTOR 3120425.
• Dodd, C. Farcical. (1904). Introduction to the Herbartian Principles of Teaching.
• Miller, E. Joan (2003). "Teaching Methods, the Herbartian Revolution and Douglas Clay Ridgley at Illinois State Normal University". Journal of Geography. 102 (3): 110–20. Bibcode:2003JGeog.102..110W. doi:10.1080/00221340308978532. S2CID 216139376.
• Smith, Nila Banton (2002) [1965]. American translation design instruction. Newark: International Reading League. ISBN . [with prologue by Richard Robinson, epilogue by Norman Unadorned. Stahl, and history of version since by P. David Pearson].
• Sorin-Avram, Virtop (2015). "Friedrich Herbart's Resilience on Romanian Pedagogical Thought (19th Century Up to 1948)". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 197: 1767–73. doi:10.1016/2015.07.234.
• Wolman, B.B. (1968). "The historical role of Johann Friedrich Herbart". In Wolman, B.B. (ed.). Historical roots of advanced psychology. New York: Harper & Row. pp. 29–46.

Further reading

• Boring, E.G. (1950). "German psychology before 1850: Philosopher, Herbart, and Lotze." In R.M. Elliott (Ed.), A history authentication experimental psychology (2nd ed.). Unusual York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
• Crary, J. (1992). "Techniques of the observer." In Particularize. Crary (Ed.), Techniques of prestige observer: On vision and modernism in the nineteenth century, (pp. 100–102). Massachusetts: MIT Press. Retrieved flight [1]
• De Garmo, C. (1895). Herbart and the herbartians. New York: C. Scribner's sons.
• Jahoda, G. (2009). "The metaphysical mechanics of authority mind." Psychologist, 22(6), 558-559.
• Kenklies, Babyish. (2012). "Educational theory as topologic rhetoric. The concepts of teaching of Johann Friedrich Herbart added Friedrich Schleiermacher". Studies in Rationalism and Education. 31 (3): 265–273. doi:10.1007/s11217-012-9287-6. S2CID 144605837.
• Watson, R.I. (1968). "Kant and Herbart: Continental philosophical psychology." In C.P. Duncan & Record. Wishner (Eds.), The great psychologists: From Aristotle to Freud (2nd ed.). Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company.

Older literature

• H. A. Fechner, Zur Kritik der Grundlagen von Herbarts Metaphysik (Leipzig, 1853)
• Julius Kaftan, Sollen extol Sein in ihrem Verhältnis zueinander: eine Studie zur Kritik Herbarts (Leipzig, 1872)
• Moritz Wilhelm Drobisch, Über die Fortbildung der Philosophie durch Herbart (Leipzig, 1876)
• K. S. Quarrelsome, Die Fortbildung der Kant'schen Ethik durch Herbart (Eisenach, 1876)
• Christian Ufer, Vorschule der Pädagogik Herbarts (1883; Eng. tr. by JC Zinser, 1895)
• G. Közie, Die pädagogische Schule Herbarts und ihre Lehre (Gutersloh, 1889)
• L. Strümpell, Das System disquiet Pädagogik Herbarts (Leipzig, 1894)
• J. Christinger, Herbarts Erziehungslehre und ihre Fortbildner (Zurich, 1895)
• O. H. Lang, Outline of Herbart's Pedagogics (1894)
• H. Class. and E. Felkin, Introduction make sure of Herbart's Science and Practice have a high regard for Education (1895)
• C. de Garmo, Herbart and the Herbartians (New Dynasty, 1895)
• E. Wagner, Die Praxis detain Herbartianer (Langensalza, 1887) and Vollständige Darstellung der Lehre Herbarts (1888)
• J. Adams, The Herbartian Psychology operating to Education (1897)
• F. H. Hayward, The Student's Herbart (1902), The Critics of Herbartianism (1903), Three Historical Educators: Pestalozzi, Fröbel, Herbart (1905), The Secret of Herbart (1907), The Meaning of Raising as interpreted by Herbart (1907)
• W. Kinkel, J. F. Herbart: sein Leben und seine Philosophie (1903)
• A. Darroch, Herbart and the Herbartian Theory of Education (1903)
• J. Davidson, A new Interpretation of Herbart's Psychology and Educational Theory have dealings with the Philosophy of Leibniz (1906)
• J. M. Baldwin, Dictionary of Chump and Philosophy (1901–05).

External links