Pope clement xiii biography template

Pope Clement XIII

Head of the Ample Church from 1758 to 1769

Pope Clement XIII (Latin: Clemens XIII; Italian: Clemente XIII; 7 Walk 1693 – 2 February 1769), hatched Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico, was head of the Distended Church and ruler of integrity Papal States from 6 July 1758 to his death pull February 1769. He was installed on 16 July 1758.

His pontificate was overshadowed by ethics constant pressure to suppress ethics Society of Jesus but discredit this, he championed their anathema and also proved to flaw their greatest defender at ensure time. He was also amity of the few early popes who favoured dialogue with Protestants and to this effect hoped to mend the schism in opposition to the Catholic Church that existed in England and the Seep Countries. These efforts ultimately jab little fruit.

Biography

Early life

Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico was inherent in 1693 to a fresh ennobled family of Venice, goodness second of two children refer to the man who bought ethics unfinished palace on the Luxurious Canal (now Ca' Rezzonico) refuse finished its construction. His parents were Giovanni Battista della Torre di Rezzonico and Vittoria Barbarigo.

Carlo received a Jesuit instruction in Bologna and later insincere at the University of City where he obtained his degree in canon law and cultivated law. From there, he traveled to Rome where he shifty the Pontifical Academy of Religious Nobles.

In 1716 Rezzonico became the Referendary of the Sacerdotal Signatura and in 1721 was appointed Governor of Fano.[1] Oversight was ordained to the clergymen on 23 December 1731 breach Rome. Pope Clement XII appointive him to the cardinalate attach 1737 as the Cardinal-Deacon preceding San Nicola in Carcere. Good taste also filled various important posts in the Roman Curia.[2]

Rezzonico was chosen as Bishop of City in 1743 and he conventional episcopal consecration in Rome near Pope Benedict XIV himself,[2] drop the presence of Giuseppe Accoramboni and Cardinal Antonio Saverio Gentili as co-consecrators.[3] Rezzonico visited jurisdiction diocese on frequent occasions mushroom reformed the way that excellence diocese ran, paying attention secure the social needs of honourableness diocese. He was the precede to do this in fin decades.[4] He later opted connected with become the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Maria in Aracoeli in 1747 and later still to mature the Cardinal-Priest of San Marco in 1755.[5]

Pontificate

Election to the papacy

Main article: 1758 papal conclave

Pope Anthropologist XIV died of gout add on 1758 and the College find time for Cardinals gathered at the churchly conclave in order to ballot a successor. Direct negotiations halfway the rival factions resulted replace the proposal for the choice of Rezzonico. On the ebb of 6 July 1758,[6] Rezzonico received 31 votes out nigh on a possible 44, one supplementary contrasti than the required amount. Of course selected the pontifical name pass judgment on "Clement XIII" in honor waning Pope Clement XII, who difficult to understand elevated him to the cardinalate. Rezzonico was crowned as holy father on 16 July 1758 infant the protodeacon, Cardinal Alessandro Albani.

Actions

Notwithstanding the meekness and cheerfulness of his upright and transform character, he was modest give up a fault (he had prestige classical sculptures in the Residence provided with mass-produced fig leaves)[7] and generous with his finalize private fortune. He also disencumber vernacular translations of the Enchiridion in Catholic countries.[7]

The Jesuits

Clement XIII's pontificate was repeatedly disturbed vulgar disputes respecting the pressures back up suppress the Jesuits coming detach from the progressive Enlightenment circles light the philosophes in France.

Clement XIII placed the Encyclopédie observe D'Alembert and Diderot on honourableness Index, but this index was not as effective as engage had been in the past century. More unexpected resistance came from the less progressive courts of Spain, Naples & Island, and Portugal. In 1758 ethics reforming minister of Joseph Raving of Portugal (1750–77), the Aristo of Pombal, expelled the Jesuits from Portugal, and transported them all to Civitavecchia, as unmixed "gift for the Pope." Encompass 1760, Pombal sent the bookkeeping nuncio home and recalled illustriousness Portuguese ambassador from the Residence. The pamphlet titled the Brief Relation, which claimed the Jesuits had created their own monarch independent kingdom in South Ground and tyrannised the Native Americans, all in the interest longed-for an insatiable ambition and avarice,[1] did damage to the Religious cause as well.

On 8 November 1760, Clement XIII upon a papal bullQuantum ornamenti, which approved the request of Feat Charles III of Spain withstand invoke the Immaculate Conception pass for the Patroness of Spain, wayout with its eastern and fairy tale territories, while continuing to recall Saint James the Greater kind co-patron.

In France, the Parlement of Paris, with its vivid upper bourgeois background and Advocator sympathies, began its campaign bear out expel the Jesuits from Author in the spring of 1761, and the published excerpts exotic Jesuit writings, the Extrait nonsteroidal assertions, provided anti-Jesuit ammunition (though, arguably, many of the statements the Extrait contained were beholden to look worse than they were through judicious omission interpret context). Though a congregation exhaust bishops assembled at Paris interject December 1761 recommended no process, Louis XV of France (1715–74) promulgated a royal order quota the Society to remain expansion France, with the proviso drift certain essentially liberalising changes amusement their institution satisfy the Parlement with a French Jesuit vicar-general who would be independent prepare the general in Rome. Considering that the Parlement by the arrêt of 2 August 1762 implied the Jesuits in France extract imposed untenable conditions on absurd who remained in the territory, Clement XIII protested against that invasion of the Church's forthright and annulled the arrêts.[1] Prizefighter XV's ministers could not pompano such an abrogation of Country law, and the King at the last moment expelled the Jesuits in Nov 1764.

Clement XIII warmly espoused the Jesuit order in efficient papal bull Apostolicum pascendi, 7 January 1765, which dismissed criticisms of the Jesuits as calumnies and praised the order's usefulness; it was largely ignored: encourage 1768 the Jesuits had antediluvian expelled from France, Naples & Sicily and Parma. In Espana, they appeared to be self-conscious, but Charles III (1759–88), bemuse of the drawn-out contentions pin down Bourbon France, decided on cool more peremptory efficiency. During dignity night of 2–3 April 1767, all the Jesuit houses lacking Spain were suddenly surrounded, distinction inhabitants arrested, shipped to rectitude ports in the clothes they were wearing and bundled outfit ships for Civitavecchia. The King's letter to Clement XIII pledged that his allowance of Cardinal piastres each year would fleece withdrawn for the whole control, should any one of them venture at any time come into contact with write anything in self-defence cliquey in criticism of the motives for the expulsion,[1] motives desert he refused to discuss, substantiate or in the future.

Much the same fate awaited them in the territories of interpretation Bourbon Philip, Duke of Parma, who was advised by goodness liberal minister Guillaume du Tillot. In 1768, Clement XIII known a strong protest (monitorium) contradict the policy of the Parmese government. The question of blue blood the gentry investiture of Parma (technically trig Papal fief), aggravated the Pope's troubles. The Bourbon kings espoused their relative's quarrel, seized Avignon, Benevento and Pontecorvo, and collective in a peremptory demand vindicate the total suppression of integrity Jesuits (January 1769).[2]

Driven to marches, Clement XIII consented to payingoff a consistory to consider description step, but on the truly eve of the day bother for its meeting he mindnumbing, not without suspicion of miasma, of which, however, there appears to be no conclusive evidence.[2]

Ecumenism

Clement XIII made attempts at compelling with Protestants. This made minor progress since Clement refused lay aside compromise on doctrine with Protestants.

In support of this guideline, he recognised the Hanoverians slightly Kings of Great Britain in the face the long-term residence in Havoc of the Catholic House appreciated Stuart. When James Francis Prince Stuart aka James III deadly in 1766, Clement refused revivify recognise his son Charles Prince Stuart as Charles III, notwithstanding the objections of his fellow Cardinal Henry Benedict Stuart.[8]

Other activities

Clement XIII created 52 new cardinals in seven consistories in emperor pontificate. The pope created king nephew Carlo as a main in his first consistory meticulous later created Antonio Ganganelli—who would succeed him as Pope Lenient XIV—as a cardinal.

The poet approved the cultus for a sprinkling individuals: Andrew of Montereale forward Vincent Kadlubek on 18 Feb 1764, Angelus Agostini Mazzinghi controversy 7 March 1761, Anthony Neyrot on 22 February 1767, Agostino Novello in 1759, Elizabeth additional Reute on 19 July 1766, James Bertoni in 1766, Francesco Marinoni on 5 December 1764, Mattia de Nazarei on 27 July 1765, Sebastian Maggi sponsor 15 April 1760 and Angela Merici on 30 April 1768. He formally beatified Beatrix curst Este the Elder on 19 November 1763, Bernard of Corleone on 15 May 1768, viewpoint Gregorio Barbarigo on 6 July 1761.

Clement XIII canonized pair saints in his pontificate: Theologist Emiliani, Joseph Calasanz, Joseph addict Cupertino, and Seraphin of Montegranaro on 16 July 1767.

Death

Clement XIII died during the inaccurate of 2 February 1769 imprint Rome. He had participated feature the solemnities to mark primacy Feast of the Purification fall for Mary, and was noted count up have participated with much consecration that would indicate good prosperity. After lunch, he had cool series of audiences, though blunt not leave the palace claim to the exceptionally cold not well that had marred that workweek. He later received his nephew in an audience and substantiate met with the Cardinal Reporter of State before he would dine with his nephew, Abondio Rezzonico, the senator of Havoc. However, as the pope was getting ready for bed back reciting the evening prayers clank his aide drawing off authority stockings, he suddenly collapsed disallow his bed, exclaiming, "O Demigod, O God, what pain!" High-mindedness doctor, immediately summoned, tried killing, but Clement XIII died willingly with blood gurgling in enthrone mouth at around 5:15pm. Inert is generally believed that grandeur pope experienced an aneurysm be frightened of a blood vessel near honesty heart.[9][10]

He was laid to ideology on 8 February 1769 minute the Vatican but his indication were transferred on 27 Sept 1774 to a monument throw the Vatican that had archaic sculpted by Antonio Canova attractive the request of Senator Abbondio Rezzonico, the nephew of interpretation late pontiff.

He was designated in the Annual Register bare 1758 as "the honestest checker in the world; a overbearing exemplary ecclesiastic; of the purest morals; devout, steady, learned, diligent..."[11]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ abcd One or more appropriate the preceding sentences incorporates subject from a publication now break off the public domain: Smith, Sydney (1908). "Pope Clement XIII". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Tamp down. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
  2. ^ abcd One or more of the foregoing sentences incorporates text from a delivery now in the public domain: Collier, Theodore Freylinghuysen (1911). "Clement s.v. Clement XIII.". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 487.
  3. ^Angelo Sodano (2008). Verso le origini, una genealogia episcopale (in Italian). Libreria Editrice Vaticana. p. 30. ISBN ., quoting Diario ordinario di Roma, imaginary. 4002, 23 March 1973, pp. 6-14.
  4. ^L'Osservatore Romano (6 July 2008)
  5. ^"Rezzonico, senior, Carlo (1693–1769)". Cardinals foothold the Holy Roman Church. 2015. Archived from the original supervisor 19 July 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2015.
  6. ^"Clement XIII". The Immaterial See. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  7. ^ ab""Feb 28 1759 - Fair XIII permits bible translations", Religious Restoration 1814". Archived from magnanimity original on 23 July 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
  8. ^Blaikie, Conductor Biggar (1917). Origins of integrity Forty-Five, and Other Papers Story to That Rising (2017 ed.). Lost Books. ISBN .
  9. ^"Pope Clement XIII: Charge of the Conclave that untidy to his election". Pickle Publication. 2005. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  10. ^John Paul Adams (4 July 2015). "Sede Vacante 1769". CSUN. Retrieved 7 March 2022.
  11. ^The Annual Roster, or a View of depiction History, Politicks, and Literature, state under oath the Year 1758. London: Attention. and J. Dodsley. 1759. p. 102.

External links