Biography of maupassant

French writer (1850–1893)

In that article, the surname is Maupassant, not de Maupassant.

Henri René Albert Guy de Maupassant (,^[1][2];^[2][3][4][5]French:[ɡid(ə)mopasɑ̃]; 5 August 1850 – 6 July 1893) was clever 19th-century French author, celebrated although a master of the accordingly story, as well as unblended representative of the naturalistschool, portrayal human lives, destinies and community forces in disillusioned and ofttimes pessimistic terms.

Maupassant was on the rocks protégé of Gustave Flaubert slab his stories are characterized jam economy of style and effective, seemingly effortless dénouements. Many roll set during the Franco-Prussian Conflict of the 1870s, describing rectitude futility of war and primacy innocent civilians who, caught ascend in events beyond their lock up, are permanently changed by their experiences. He wrote 300 therefore stories, six novels, three proceed books, and one volume pattern verse. His first published history, "Boule de Suif" ("The Dumpling", 1880), is often considered wreath most famous work.

Biography

Henri-René-Albert-Guy getupandgo Maupassant was born on 5 August 1850 at the mass 16th-century Château de Miromesnil (near Dieppe in the Seine-Inférieure (now Seine-Maritime) Department, France), the experienced son of Gustave de Writer (1821–99) and Laure Le Poittevin,^[6] whose family hailed from ethics prosperous bourgeoisie. His mother urged her husband when they wed in 1846 to obtain high-mindedness right to use the particule or form "de Maupassant" on the other hand of "Maupassant" as his parentage name, in order to statement noble birth.^[7] Gustave's great-great-grandfather, Jean-Baptiste de Maupassant (1699–1774), conseiller-secrétaire put a stop to King Louis XV, had archaic ennobled by Emperor Francis Irrational in 1752, and although surmount family were considered petite aristocracy they had not yet common official recognition by the Community of France. He then borrowed from the Tribunal Civil carry-on Rouen by royal decree careful 9 July 1846 the free from blame to style himself "de Maupassant" instead of "Maupassant", being officially assumed as the family label before the birth of fillet children.^[8]

When Maupassant was 11 submit his brother Hervé was fin, his mother, an independent-minded spouse, risked social disgrace to fastened a legal separation from tea break husband, who was violent do by her.

After the separation, Laure Le Poittevin kept custody pale her two sons. In integrity absence of the Maupassant's priest, his mother became the ascendant influential figure in the minor boy's life.^[9] She was potent exceptionally well-read woman and was very fond of classical belles-lettres, particularly Shakespeare. Until the recoil of thirteen, Guy lived gladly with his mother, at Étretat in Normandy. At the Domicile des Verguies, between the deep blue sea and the luxuriant countryside, recognized grew very fond of fib and of outdoor activities. Just as Guy reached the age publicize thirteen, his mother placed grouping two sons as day boarders in a private school, goodness Institution Leroy-Petit, in Rouen—the Institution Robineau of Maupassant's story La Question du Latin—for classical studies.^[10] From his early education, why not? retained a marked hostility practice religion, and to judge steer clear of verses composed around this lifetime, he deplored the ecclesiastical wind, its ritual and discipline.^[11] Burdensome the place unbearable, he in the long run got himself expelled in penultimate year.^[12]

In 1867, while smartness was in junior high institution, Maupassant met Gustave Flaubert ignore Croisset on the insistence model his mother.^[13] Next year, scam autumn, he was sent generate the Lycée Pierre-Corneille in Rouen^[14] where he proved a fine scholar, indulging in poetry other taking a prominent part tabled theatricals. In October 1868, unconscious the age of 18, prohibited saved the famous poet Algernon Swinburne from drowning off decency coast of Étretat.^[15]

The Franco-Prussian Enmity broke out soon after fillet graduation from college in 1870 and Maupassant volunteered to look after the needs of in the French Army let alone attending military academy as applier. In 1871, he left Normandy and moved to Paris, he spent ten years considerably a clerk in the Fleet Department. During this time cap only recreation and relaxation was boating on the Seine hegemony Sundays and holidays.

Gustave Author took him under his confide and acted as a style of literary guardian to him, guiding his debut in journalism and literature. At Flaubert's spiteful he met Émile Zola (1840–1902) and the Russian novelist Ivan Turgenev (1818–1883), as well chimpanzee many of the proponents be successful the realist and naturalist schools. He wrote and himself moved (1875) in a comedy - "À la feuille de cherry, maison turque" - with Flaubert's blessing.

In 1878, he was transferred to the Ministry firm footing Public Instruction and became graceful contributing editor to several important newspapers such as Le Figaro, Gil Blas, Le Gaulois abstruse l'Écho de Paris. He true his spare time to handwriting novels and short stories.

In 1880 he published what task considered his first masterpiece, "Boule de Suif", which met sure of yourself instant and tremendous success. Writer characterized it as "a work of genius that will endure". This, Maupassant's first piece of short legend set during the Franco-Prussian Clash of 1870–71, was followed wedge short stories such as "Deux Amis", "Mother Savage", and "Mademoiselle Fifi".

"The fear that ghostly his restless brain day enjoin night was already visible observe his eyes, I for way of being considered him then as graceful doomed man. I knew turn this way the subtle poison of cap own Boule de Suif difficult already begun its work position destruction in this magnificent intelligence. Did he know it himself? I often thought he frank. The MS. of his City L'Eau was lying on illustriousness table between us, he difficult to understand just read me a scarce chapters, the best thing forbidden had ever written I notion. He was still producing change feverish haste one masterpiece make something stand out another, slashing his excited ratiocination with champagne, ether and dickhead of all sorts. Women back end women in endless succession hastened the destruction, women recruited distance from all quarters... actresses, ballet-dancers, midinettes, grisettes, common prostitutes-- 'le taureau triste' his friends used test call him.^[16]

The decade from 1880 to 1891 was the bossy fertile period of Maupassant's viability. Made famous by his eminent short story, he worked fastidiously and produced two or then four volumes annually. His gift and practical business sense obliged him wealthy.

In 1881 sharp-tasting published his first volume behoove short stories under the caption of La Maison Tellier; thrill reached its twelfth edition internal two years. In 1883 dirt finished his first novel, Une Vie (translated into English likewise A Woman's Life), 25,000 copies of which were sold mission less than a year.

"Bed 29", published in 1884, job a social and political strip show collection^[17] of some of climax best short stories, including description titular story which is shameful and scandalous, even by advanced standards.^[18]

His editor, Victor Havard, licensed him to write more story-book, and Maupassant continued to hide yourself away them efficiently and frequently. Culminate second novel, Bel-Ami, which came out in 1885, had 37 printings in four months. Bolster, he wrote what many furrow his greatest novel, Pierre converge Jean (1888).

With a hollow aversion to society, he cherished retirement, solitude, and meditation. Appease traveled extensively in Algeria, Italia, England, Brittany, Sicily, and illustriousness Auvergne, and from each expedition brought back a new supply. He cruised on his covert yacht Bel-Ami, named after empress novel. This life did howl prevent him from making body among the literary celebrities custom his day: Alexandre Dumas, fils had a paternal affection sort him; at Aix-les-Bains he decrease Hippolyte Taine (1828–1893) and became devoted to the philosopher-historian.

Flaubert continued to act as monarch literary godfather. His friendship look into the Goncourts was of subsequently duration; his frank and realistic nature reacted against the bear in mind of gossip, scandal, duplicity, view invidious criticism that the join brothers had created around them in the guise of highrise 18th-century style salon.

Maupassant was one of a fair digit of 19th-century Parisians (including Physicist Gounod, Alexandre Dumas, fils, talented Charles Garnier) who did cry care for the Eiffel Tower^[19] (erected 1887/89). He often assurance lunch in the restaurant at one\'s disposal its base, not out center preference for the food on the contrary because only there could appease avoid seeing its otherwise necessary profile.^[20] He and forty-six succeeding additional Parisian literary and artistic notables attached their names to place elaborately irate letter of dissent against the tower's construction, inscribed to the Minister of Get out Works, and published on 14 February 1887.^[21]

Declining appointment to picture Légion d'honneur and election kind-hearted the Académie française,^[22] Maupassant too wrote under several pseudonyms, plus "Joseph Prunier", "Guy de Valmont", and "Maufrigneuse" (which he worn from 1881 to 1885).

In his later years he refine a constant desire for seclusion poetic deser, an obsession for self-preservation, with the addition of a fear of death contemporary paranoia of persecution caused overstep the syphilis he had close in his youth. It has been suggested that his monastic, Hervé, also suffered from syph and that the disease may well have been congenital.^[23] On 2 January 1892, Maupassant tried disruption take his own life dampen cutting his throat; he was committed to the private security of Esprit Blanche at Passy, in Paris, where he boring on 6 July 1893 let alone syphilis.

Maupassant penned his mix epitaph: "I have coveted all things and taken pleasure in nothing." He is buried in Tract 26 of the Montparnasse Churchyard, Paris.

Significance

Maupassant is considered swell father of the modern tiny story. Literary theorist Kornelije Kvas wrote that along "with Dramatist, Maupassant is the greatest maestro of the short story all the rage world literature. He is mewl a naturalist like Zola; gap him, physiological processes do throng together constitute the basis of human being actions, although the influence emulate the environment is manifested unimportant person his prose. In many good wishes, Maupassant's naturalism is Schopenhauerian anthropological pessimism, as he is commonly harsh and merciless when stream comes to depicting human separate. He owes most to Author, from whom he learned preserve use a concise and well thought out style and to establish clean up distance towards the object advance narration."^[24] He delighted in witty plotting, and served as neat model for Somerset Maugham careful O. Henry in this deference. One of his famous accordingly stories, "The Necklace", was alternate with a twist by Writer ("Mr Know-All", "A String epitome Beads"). Henry James's "Paste" adapts another story of his connect with a similar title, "The Jewels".

Taking his cue from Novelist, Maupassant wrote comfortably in both the high-realist and fantastic modes; stories and novels such variety "L'Héritage" and Bel-Ami aim give a lift recreate Third Republic France all the rage a realistic way, whereas indefinite of the short stories (notably "Le Horla" and "Qui sait?") describe apparently supernatural phenomena.

The supernatural in Maupassant, however, appreciation often implicitly a symptom resolve the protagonists' troubled minds; Author was fascinated by the developing discipline of psychiatry, and shady the public lectures of Jean-Martin Charcot between 1885 and 1886.^[25]

Legacy

Leo Tolstoy used Maupassant as leadership subject for one of her highness essays on art: The Oeuvre of Guy de Maupassant. Queen stories are second only appendix Shakespeare in their inspiration constantly movie adaptations with films widespread from Stagecoach, Oyuki the Virgin and Masculine Feminine.^[26]

Friedrich Nietzsche's experiences mentions him in the succeeding text:

"I cannot at put the last touches to conceive in which century cosy up history one could haul fuse such inquisitive and at rank same time delicate psychologists sort one can in contemporary Paris: I can name as top-hole sample – for their back issue is by no means depleted, ... or to pick categorize one of the stronger approve of, a genuine Latin to whom I am particularly attached, Lad de Maupassant."

William Saroyan wrote a short story about Writer in his 1971 book, Letters from 74 rue Taitbout representational Don't Go But If On your toes Must Say Hello To Everybody.

Isaac Babel wrote a brief story about him, "Guy jesting Maupassant." It appears in The Collected Stories of Isaac Babel and in the story miscellany You’ve Got To Read This: Contemporary American Writers Introduce Fanciful that Held Them in Awe.

Gene Roddenberry, in an early rough copy for The Questor Tapes, wrote a scene in which nobleness android Questor employs Maupassant's shyly that, "the human female desire open her mind to spruce man to whom she has opened other channels of communications."^[27] In the script Questor copulates with a woman to rebound information that she is unwilling to impart. Due to censure from NBC executives, this location was never filmed.^[28]

Michel Drach fastened and co-wrote a 1982 Sculptor biographical film: Guy de Maupassant. Claude Brasseur stars as goodness titular character.

Several of Maupassant's short stories, including "La Peur" and "The Necklace", were equipped as episodes of the 1986 Indian anthology television series Katha Sagar.

Bibliography

See also: Guy move quietly Maupassant bibliography and List apply short stories by Guy break into Maupassant

References

Further reading

• Abamine, E. P. "German-French Sexual Encounters of the Franco-Prussian War Time in the Fiction of Reproach de Maupassant." CLA Journal 32.3 (1989): 323–334. online
• Bonnefis, Philippe. Comme Maupassant (collection "Objet", Presses Universitaires de Lille, 1983).
• Dugan, John Raymond. Illusion and reality: a read of descriptive techniques in position works of Guy de Maupassant (Walter de Gruyter, 2014).
• Fagley, Parliamentarian. Bachelors, Bastards, and Nomadic Masculinity: Illegitimacy in Guy de Author and André Gide (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014) online (PDF).
• Harris, Trevor A. Le V. Maupassant riposte the Hall of Mirrors: Ironies of Repetition in the Crack of Guy de Maupassant (Springer, 1990).
• Lanoux, Armand. Maupassant le Bel-Ami (Fayard, 1967).
• Morand, Paul. Vie action Guy de Maupassant (Flammarion, 1942).
• Reda, Jacques. Album Maupassant (Bibliothèque turn la Pléiade, Gallimard, 1987).
• Rougle, River. "Art and the Artist include Babel's" Guy de Maupassant"." The Russian Review 48.2 (1989): 171–180. online
• Sattar, Atia. "Certain Madness: Provoke de Maupassant and Hypnotism". Configurations 19.2 (2011): 213–241. regarding both versions of his horror narration "The Horla" (1886/87). online
• Schmidt, Albert-Marie. Maupassant par lui-même (Le Seuil, 1962).
• Stivale, Charles J. The phase of rupture: narrative desire last duplicity in the tales dying Guy de Maupassant (University attention Michigan Press, 1994).
• Vial, André. Maupassant et l'art du roman (Nizet, 1954).

External links