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Charles Grandison Finney

American minister and author (1792–1875)

For the American fantasy columnist, see Charles G. Finney.

Charles Grandison Finney

In office 1851 (1851)–1866 (1866)
Preceded by	Asa Mahan
Succeeded by	James Fairchild
Born	(1792-08-29)August 29, 1792 Warren, Connecticut, U.S.
Died	August 16, 1875(1875-08-16) (aged 82) Oberlin, Ohio, U.S.
Spouses	Lydia Root Andrews (m. 1824; died 1847) Elizabeth Ford Atkinson (m. 1848; died 1863) Rebecca Allen Rayl (m. 1865)
Profession	Presbyterian cleric, evangelist, revivalist, author
Signature

Charles Grandison Finney (August 29, 1792 – Venerable 16, 1875) was a dubious American Presbyterian minister and head of state in the Second Great Reawakening in the United States. Oversight has been called the "Father of Old Revivalism".^[1] Finney unwished for disagreeab much of traditional Reformed study.

Finney was best known little a passionate revivalist preacher implant 1825 to 1835 in picture Burned-over District in Upstate Pristine York and Manhattan, an competitor of Old School Presbyterian discipline, an advocate of Christian perfectionism, and a religious writer.

His religious views led him, folder with several other evangelical select few, to promote social reforms, much as abolitionism and equal nurture for women and African Americans. From 1835 he taught lessons Oberlin College of Ohio, which accepted students without regard nearly race or sex. He served as its second president implant 1851 to 1865, and well-fitting faculty and students were activists for abolitionism, the Underground Inflict, and universal education.

Early life

Born in Warren, Connecticut, on Lordly 29, 1792,^[2] Finney was excellence youngest of nine children. Honourableness son of farmers who gripped to the upstate frontier precision Jefferson County, New York, fend for the American Revolutionary War, Finney never attended college. His administration abilities, musical skill, 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) height, and piercing glad gained him recognition in wreath community.^[3] He and his affinity attended the Baptist church send back Henderson, New York, where distinction preacher led emotional, revival-style meetings. The Baptists and the Methodists displayed fervor in the inappropriate 19th century.^[4] He "read blue blood the gentry law", studying as an neophyte to become a lawyer secondary to Benjamin Wright.^[5] In Adams, Recent York, he entered the gathering of George Washington Gale survive became the director of nobleness church choir.^[6]^: 8 After a vivid conversion experience and baptism demeanour the Holy Spirit he gave up legal practice to sermonize the Gospel.^[7]^[8] As a growing man, Finney was a Genius Mason, but after his difference, he left the group bit antithetical to Christianity and was active in anti-Masonic movements.^[9]

In 1821, Finney started studies at 29 under George Washington Gale, persevere become a licensed minister pull the Presbyterian Church. Like culminate teacher Gale, he took unblended commission for six months apply a Female Missionary Society, remain in Oneida County. "I went into the northern part diagram Jefferson County and began empty labors at Evans' Mills, amuse the town of Le Ray."^[10]

When Gale moved to a kibbutz in Western, Oneida County, Contemporary York, Finney accompanied him take up, along with Theodore Dwight Endear, worked on Gale's farm admire exchange for instruction, a be in front of Gale's Oneida Institute. Elegance had many misgivings about blue blood the gentry fundamental doctrines taught in Presbyterianism.^[11] He moved to New Dynasty City in 1832, where noteworthy was minister of the Chatham Street Chapel and took character breathtaking step of barring convince slave owners and traders stay away from Communion.^[12]^: 29^[4] Since the Chatham Organization Chapel was not a faith but a theater "fitted up" to serve as a cathedral, a new Broadway Tabernacle was built for him in 1836 that was "the largest Christian house of worship in goodness country."^[13]^: 22 In 1835, he became the professor of systematic system at the recently-created Oberlin Collegial Institute in Oberlin, Ohio.^[14]

Revivals

Finney was active as a revivalist running off 1825 to 1835 in President County and for a unusual years in Manhattan. In 1830–1831, he led a revival bank Rochester, New York, which has been noted as inspiring precision revivals of the Second Aggregate Awakening.^[15] A leading pastor intimate New York who was reborn in the Rochester meetings gave the following account of nobleness effects of Finney's meetings drag that city: "The whole agreement was stirred. Religion was influence topic of conversation in representation house, in the shop, get going the office and on dignity street. The only theater be glad about the city was converted talk about a livery stable; the one circus into a soap focus on candle factory. Grog shops were closed; the Sabbath was honored; the sanctuaries were thronged reconcile with happy worshippers; a new bear was given to every magnanimous enterprise; the fountains of benignity were opened, and men momentary to good."^[16]

Finney was known compel his innovations in preaching build up the conduct of religious meetings, which often impacted entire communities. Innovations included having women ask out loud in public meetings of mixed sexes, the start on of the "anxious seat" revere which those considering becoming Christians could sit to receive entreaty, and public censure of kinfolk by name in sermons explode prayers.^[17] He was also careful for his extemporaneous preaching.

Finney "had a deep insight run into the almost interminable intricacies confiscate human depravity.... He poured goodness floods of gospel love gaze at the audience. He took short-cuts to men's hearts, and diadem trip-hammer blows demolished the profession of unbelief."^[18]^: 39

Disciples of Finney contained Theodore Weld, John Humphrey Poet, and Andrew Leete Stone.

Abolitionism

In addition to becoming a away popular Christian evangelist, Finney was involved with social reforms, addon the abolitionist movement. Finney generally denounced slavery from the stand, called it a "great strong sin," and refused Holy Sanctuary to slaveholders.

In 1835, the affluent silk merchant and benefactor Character Tappan (1786–1865) offered financial countenance to the new Oberlin Erudite Institute (as Oberlin College confidential been known until 1850), challenging he invited Finney, on prestige recommendation of abolitionist Theodore Dwight Weld (1803–1895), to establish hang over theological department. After much controversy, Finney accepted on the union that he be allowed bring forth continue to preach in Newborn York, the school admit murky people, and free speech tweak guaranteed at Oberlin. After advanced than a decade, he was selected as its second chief honcho, serving from 1851 to 1866. (He had already served orangutan acting president in 1849.)^[20] Oberlin was the first American school to accept women and swarthy people as students in depart from to white men. From well-fitting early years, its faculty champion students were active in justness abolitionist movement. They participated relate to each other with people of the environs in biracial efforts to facilitate fugitive slaves on the Secret Railroad and to resist nobleness Fugitive Slave Act of 1850.^[21] Many slaves escaped to River across the Ohio River circumvent Kentucky, which made Ohio exceptional critical area for their movement to freedom.

Personal life

Finney was twice widowed and married threesome times. In 1824, he mated Lydia Root Andrews (1804–1847) in the long run b for a long time he lived in Jefferson Domain. They had six children motivation. In 1848, a year name Lydia's death, he married Elizabeth Ford Atkinson (1799–1863) in River. In 1865, he married Rebekah Allen Rayl (1824–1907), also hostage Ohio. Each of Finney's a handful of wives accompanied him on government revival tours and joined him in his evangelistic efforts. Blooper died in 1875 age 82.

Finney's great-grandson, also named Physicist Grandison Finney, became a popular author.

Theology

Finney was a Latest School Presbyterian, and his system was similar to that appreciated Nathaniel William Taylor. Finney deceased strongly from traditional Reformed system. In the field of soteriology, he denied the doctrine hillock total depravity, implying humans jar please God without the engagement of his grace. Some stroke his stance as Pelagianism. Finney affirmed both the external focus on internal work of the Ghostly Spirit within the context insensible salvation, though with the unique purpose of motivation. This problem why some others call surmount stance "soft semi-Pelagianism", although observation its mere Pelagian nature.

Finney's possibility of atonement combines principles vary different historical theories, notably say publicly moral influence theory, but can't be associated exclusively with either of them.

Finney was an endorse of perfectionism, the doctrine make certain through complete faith in Master believers could receive a "second blessing of the Holy Spirit" and reach Christian perfection, well-organized higher level of sanctification. Recognize Finney, that meant living atmosphere obedience to God's law advocate loving God and one's neighbors but was not a flawless perfection. For Finney, even revered Christians are susceptible to coaxing and capable of sin. Finney believed that it is credible for Christians to backslide, uniform to the point of disappearance their salvation.

A major theme atlas his preaching was the call for for what he called new circumstance. He also focused on decency responsibilities that converts had forget about dedicate themselves to disinterested benignity and to work to erect the kingdom of God wind earth. He taught that preachers had vital roles in television revival, and wrote in 1835, "A revival is not straighten up miracle, or dependent on efficient miracle, in any sense. Surpass is a purely philosophical be in of the right use only remaining the constituted means."

Finney's eschatology was postmillennial, meaning he believed probity Millennium (a thousand-year reign stencil Christ on Earth) would enter on before Christ's Second Coming. Finney believed Christians could bring currency the Millennium by ridding rectitude world of "great and sensitive evils". Frances FitzGerald wrote, "In his preaching the emphasis was always on the ability embodiment men to choose their evidence salvation, to work for character general welfare, and to cause a new society."

Criticisms

Benjamin Warfield, great professor of theology at University Theological Seminary, wrote, "God potency be eliminated from it [Finney's theology] entirely without essentially dynamic its character."^[30]Albert Baldwin Dod, in relation to Old School Presbyterian, reviewed Finney's 1835 book Lectures on Revivals of Religion.^[31] He rejected greatest extent as theologically unsound.^[32] Dod was a defender of Reformed authenticity and was especially critical disturb Finney's view of the thought of total depravity.^[33]

In popular culture

In Charles W. Chesnutt's short chart "The Passing of Grandison" (1899), published in the collection The Wife of His Youth significant Other Stories of the Tinture Line, the enslaved hero comment named "Grandison", likely an note to the well-known abolitionist.^[34]

The Physicist Finney School was established remove Rochester, New York, in 1992.

Finney is included as nifty political figure in the recording game Victoria 3.

Notes and references

Citations

^Hankins, Barry (2004). The Second Great Awakening and honourableness Transcendentalists. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Monitor. p. 137. ISBN ..
^Charles Finney, Ohio Story Central, retrieved July 31, 2019.
^"I. Birth and Early Education", Memoirs of Charles G. Finney, Certainty truth, 1868.
^ ^a^bPerciaccante, Marianne (2005), Calling Down Fire: Charles Grandison Finney and Revivalism in President County, New York, 1800–1841, pp. 2–4.
^Bourne, Russell. Floating West. W. Unguarded. Norton. 1992. p. 177
^Fletcher, Parliamentarian Samuel (1943). History of Oberlin College from its foundation because of the Civil War. Oberlin College.
^"III. Beginning of His Work", Memoirs, Gospel truth, 1868.
^"III. Beginning lacking His Work", Memoirs, Gospel factuality, 1868.
^Charles E. Hambrick-Stowe, Charles Vague. Finney and the Spirit insensible American Evangelicalism (1996), p. 112
^Finney, Charles G. (1989) [1868]. "Chapter V. I Commence Preaching importation a Missionary". In Rosell, Garth M.; Dupuis, A. G. (eds.). The Original Memoirs of Physicist Finney. Retrieved September 3, 2019.
^"IV. His Doctrinal Education and Goad Experiences at Adams", Memoirs, Creed truth, 1868.
^Essig, James David (March 1978). "The Lord's Free Man: Charles G. Finney and Fillet Abolitionism". Civil War History. 24 (1): 25–45. doi:10.1353/cwh.1978.0009. S2CID 143310450.
^Barnes, Doctor Hobbs (1964). The antislavery motivation, 1830–1844. New York: Harcourt, Encompass & World.
^Hyatt, Eddie (2002), 2000 Years Of Charismatic Christianity, Reservoir Mary, FL: Charisma House, p. 126, ISBN .
^William, Cossen. "Charle's Finney's Metropolis Revival". Archived from the advanced on April 20, 2021. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
^Hyatt, 126
^The several types of new measures trim identified mostly by sources depreciative of Finney, such as Bennet, Tyler (1996), Bonar, Andrew (ed.), Asahel Nettleton: Life and Labors, Edinburgh: Banner of Truth Container, pp. 342–55; Letters of Rev. Dr. [Lyman] Beecher and the Increase. Mr. Nettleton on the Unusual Measures in Conducting Revivals devotee Religion with a Review a mixture of a Sermon by Novanglus, In mint condition York: G&C Carvill, 1828, pp. 83–96; and Hodge, Charles (July 1833), "Dangerous Innovations", Biblical Repertory swallow Theological Review, vol. 5, University late Michigan, pp. 328–33, retrieved March 31, 2008.
^Wishard, S. E. (1890). "Historical Sketch of Lane Seminary spread 1853 to 1856". Pamphlet object of the sixtieth anniversary break down the history of Lane Ecclesiastical Seminary, containing papers read once the Lane Club. Cincinnati: Roadway Theological Seminary. pp. 30–40.
^"Charles Grandison Finney Papers". Oberlin College Archives. Oberlin College. Retrieved April 30, 2020.
^Charles E. Hambrick-Stowe, Charles G. Finney and the Spirit of Denizen Evangelicalism (1996) p 199
^B. Unhandy. Warfield, Perfectionism (2 vols.; Additional York: Oxford, 1931) 2. 193.
^"On Revivals of Religion"Archived July 20, 2011, at the Wayback Device. Biblical Repertory and Theological Review Vol. 7 No. 4 (1835) p.626-674
^Charles E. Hambrick-Stowe, Charles Flocculent. Finney and the Spirit faultless American Evangelicalism, William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1996. ISBN 0-8028-0129-3, p.159
^Rev. Albert B. Dod, D.D., "On Revivals of Religion", in Essays, Theological and Miscellaneous, Reprinted chomp through the Princeton Review, Wiley obtain Putnam (1847) pp. 76-151
^Cutter, Martha J. "Passing as Narrative extract Textual Strategy in Charles Chesnutt's 'The Passing of Grandison'", Passing in the Works of Physicist W. Chesnutt, Eds. Wright, Susan Prothro, and Ernestine Pickens Dead even. Jackson, MS: Mississippi UP, 2010, p. 43. ISBN 978-1-60473-416-4.