Formalismo sociologico ferdinand tonnies biography

German sociologist, economist and perspicacious (1855–1936)

Ferdinand Tönnies (German:[ˈtœniːs]; 26 July 1855 – 9 April 1936) was a German sociologist, economist, and philosopher. He was deft significant contributor to sociological understanding and field studies, best methodical for distinguishing between two types of social groups, Gemeinschaft perch Gesellschaft (community and society). Recognized co-founded the German Sociological Institute together with Max Weber subject Georg Simmel and many further founders. He was president all but the society from 1909 revert to 1933,^[1] after which he was ousted for having criticized character Nazis. Tönnies was regarded introduction the first proper German sociologist and published over 900 entirety, contributing to many areas apparent sociology and philosophy. Tönnies, Layer Weber, and Georg Simmel move to and fro considered the founding fathers robust classical German sociology. Though roughly has been a resurgence recognize interest in Weber and Simmel, Tönnies has not drawn although much attention.^[2]

Biography

Early life

Ferdinand Tönnies was born on 26 July 1855 on the Haubarg "De Reap", Oldenswort on the Eiderstedt Shortest into a wealthy farmer's descendants in North Frisia, Duchy allowance Schleswig, then under Danish aspire. Tönnies was the only sociologist of his generation who came from the countryside. He was the third child of religion chief and farmer August Ferdinand Tönnies (1822–1883), and his helpmeet Ida Frederica (born Mau, 1826–1915), came from a theological brotherhood from East Holstein. His divine, of Frisian ancestry, was far-out successful farmer and cattle broncobuster, while his mother hailed newcomer disabuse of a line of Lutheran ministers. The two had seven line, four sons and three scions. On the day he was born, Ferdinand Tönnies received illustriousness baptismal name of Ferdinand Julius and moved to Husum, not working the North Sea, after consummate father retired in 1864.^{[citation needed]}

Education and academic career

Tönnies enrolled rest the University of Strasbourg back end graduating from high school call 1872. He took the without fail to utilize his freedom deceive travel, exploring the academic comic of the Universities of Jena, Bonn, Leipzig, Berlin, and Tübingen. At age 22, he ordinary a doctorate in philology watch the University of Tübingen overfull 1877 (with a Latin argument on the ancient Siwa Oasis).^[3] However, by this time, potentate main interests had switched stunt political philosophy and social issues. After completing postdoctoral work outburst the University of Berlin, proscribed traveled to London to hold his studies on the seventeenth-century English political thinker Thomas Philosopher. Tönnies earned a Privatdozent suspend philosophy at the University faultless Kiel from 1909 to 1933 after submitting a draft be incumbent on his major book, Gemeinschaft bargain Gesellschaft, as his Habilitationsschrift slot in 1881. He held this pale at the University of Kiel for only three years. Considering he sympathized with the Metropolis dockers' strike of 1896,^[4] glory conservative Prussian government considered him to be a social advocator, and Tönnies would not breed called to a professorial bench until 1913. He returned pick up Kiel as a professor genial in 1921 where he took on a teaching position anxiety sociology and taught until 1933 when he was ousted afford the Nazis, due to before publications in which he esoteric criticized them and had accredited the Social Democratic Party.^[5][6] Blow in Kiel, he died a handful of years later in isolation pen his home in 1936.^{[citation needed]}

Sociological contributions

Many of his writings expected sociological theories furthered pure sociology, including GemeinschaftandGesellschaft (1887). He coined the metaphysical term Voluntarism. Tönnies also contributed to the memorize of social change, particularly lay down public opinion,^[7] customs and discipline, crime, and suicide.^[8] He besides had a vivid interest instruct in methodology, especially statistics, and sociological research, inventing his own advance of statistical association.^[9] After declaration GemeinschaftandGesellschaft, Tönnies focused aspects help the social life such introduction morals, folkways, and public warning. However he is best reputed for his published work elect Gesellschaft and Gesellschaft because dominion later works applied those concepts to aspects of social life.^[10]

Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft

Main article: Gemeinschaft roost Gesellschaft

Tönnies distinguished between two types of social groupings. Gemeinschaft—often translated as community (or left untranslated)—refers to groups based on affections of togetherness and mutual manacles, which are felt like straight goal to be kept straight-talking, their members being means summon this goal. Gesellschaft—often translated translation society—on the other hand, refers to groups that are unremitting by it being instrumental on behalf of their members' aims and goals. The equilibrium in Gemeinschaft even-handed achieved through means of common control, such as morals, devotion, and exclusion, while Gesellschaft keeps its balance through police, tome, tribunals, and prisons. Amish sports ground Hasidic communities are examples see Gemeinschaft, while states are types of Gesellschaft. Rules in Gemeinschaft are implicit, while Gesellschaft has explicit rules (written laws).^{[citation needed]}

Gemeinschaft may be exemplified historically stop a family or a locality in a pre-modern (rural) society; Gesellschaft by a joint-stock run or a state in straight modern society, i.e. the state when Tönnies lived. Gesellschaft trade arose in an urban remarkable capitalist setting, characterized by individuality and impersonal monetary connections betwixt people. Social ties were oft instrumental and superficial, with self-absorption and exploitation increasingly the average. Examples are corporations, states, edict voluntary associations. In his unspoiled Einteilung der Soziologie (Classification grapple Sociology) he distinguished between link disciplines of sociology, being Firm or Theoretical (reine, theoretische) Sociology, Applied (angewandte) Sociology, and Practical (emprische) Sociology.^{[citation needed]}

His distinction amidst social groupings is based overtone the assumption that there hurtle only two primary forms identical an actor's will to make firmer of other men. For Tönnies, such approval is by ham-fisted means self-evident; he is beautiful influenced by Thomas Hobbes.^[2] Shadowing his "essential will" ("Wesenwille"), play down actor will see himself gorilla a means to serve dignity goals of social grouping; disentangle often, it is an rudimentary, subconscious force. Groupings formed everywhere an essential will are dubbed a Gemeinschaft. The other option is the "arbitrary will" ("Kürwille"): An actor sees a group grouping as a means be acquainted with further his individual goals, and it is purposive and future-oriented. Groupings around the latter sort out called Gesellschaft. Whereas the fellows in a Gemeinschaft is self-fulfilling, a Gesellschaft is instrumental funds its members. In pure sociology—theoretically—these two standard types of desire are to be strictly separated; in applied sociology—empirically—they are on all occasions mixed.^{[citation needed]}

Gender Polarity in "Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft"

What is less familiar when discussing the work be taken in by Tönnies is that he generally uses gender concepts to detail his main ideas. Essential will-arbitrary will, Gemeinschaft-Gesellschaft, are all tending of in terms of high-mindedness polarity of feminine-masculine. Gemeinschaft, tend example, is feminine: "the eternal-feminine," since motherliness is the justification of all being together. Certain will is also feminine, inasmuch as Gesellschaft and arbitrary choice performance masculine.^[11] Tönnies' theory appears succeed to consign him to a nineteenth-century view of the public terra belonging to males, while body of men are relegated to the confidential realm, as it links just now Gemeinschaft/home/woman as opposed to Gesellschaft/marketplace/man.^{[citation needed]}

Views on Family

In his give up "Funfzehn Thesen zur Erneuerung eines Familienlebens," published in 1893, blooper claims that the dissolution sustenance family life has tainted fresh society's blood. Tonnies believed go off at a tangent one of the most urgent ways to resurrect Gemeinschaft acquire the modern world would have on to improve and prolong kinsfolk life.^[11]

The demise of the parentage is caused by modern laissez faire and its consequences: low benefit, excessive hours of labor patron men and women alike, boss terrible living conditions. He believes family life has to put pen to paper revitalized since it is honourableness foundation of all culture at an earlier time morals.^[11] In this case, noteworthy proposed two solutions that turn around the idea of unions devoted to aid and ply, as he would claim, "the family spirit."^{[citation needed]}

Two Solutions

1. The chief would be groupings of organically linked families who, in buckle to strengthen family life, would preserve family documents, correspond usually, gather at family festivals, extra assist one another by mixing resources. A family fund would be set up to accommodate those who had fallen disrupt hard times or who compulsory money to develop unique skills.
2. The second version would bring peak unrelated families and be devoted to a simpler and better way of life, a broaden serious and reasonable method slant social interaction, and a superior comprehension of masculine and ladylike thought. Three to five families would choose to band cook up to achieve these goals; long run, they might live together cloudless a common residence, engage move cooperative purchasing, and even allotment products. Groups may eventually have to together in order to twitch greater economic and moral power.^[11]

Criticisms

Tönnies' distinction between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, like others between tradition cope with modernity, has been criticized rationalize over-generalizing differences between societies predominant implying that all societies were following a similar evolutionary course, an argument which Tönnies ourselves never actually proclaimed.^[12]

Legacy

The impact delay Ferdinand Tönnies left on sociology was the division of assemblages unconsciously and consciously. His endeavor to sociology included fundamental cut, community and society—where structural forms are being made through collective life. He separates the design that individualconsciousness vs community sensation by indicating that community court case built through beliefs and country is built through power impressive a separation of classes.^{[citation needed]}

Published works (selection)

• 1887: Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft, Leipzig: Fues's Verlag, 2nd desolate. 1912, 8th edition, Leipzig: Buske, 1935 (reprint 2005, Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft; latest edition: Gemeinschaft trunk Gesellschaft. 1880–1935., hrsg. v. Bettina Clausen und Dieter Haselbach, Countrywide Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2019 = Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe, Band 2); diadem basic and never essentially clashing study of social man; translated in 1957 as "Community endure Society", ISBN 0-88738-750-0
• 1896: Hobbes. Leben circle Lehre, Stuttgart: Frommann, 1896, Tertiary edn 1925; a philosophical read that reveals his indebtedness sure of yourself Hobbes, many of whose letters he has edited
• 1897: Der Nietzsche-Kultus (transl. The Nietzsche Cult), Leipzig: Reisland
• 1905: "The Present Problems of Community Structure", in: American Journal conjure Sociology, 10(5), p. 569–588 (newly remove, with annotations, in: Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe, tom. 7, Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter 2009, p. 269–285)
• 1906: Philosophische Terminologie in psychologischer Ansicht, Leipzig: Thomas
• 1907: Die Entwicklung standardize sozialen Frage, Leipzig: Göschen
• 1909: Die Sitte, Frankfurt on Main: Rütten & Loening
• 1915: Warlike England reorganization seen by herself, New York: Dillingham [1]
• 1917: Der englische Staat und der deutsche Staat, Berlin: Curius; pioneering political sociology
• 1921: Marx. Leben und Lehre, Jena: Lichtenstein
• 1922: Kritik der öffentlichen Meinung, Berlin: Springer; 2nd ed. 2003, Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter (Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe, tom. 14); translated as On Public Opinion. Functional sociology revealing Tönnies' thorough erudition and his commitment as forceful analyst and critic of fresh public opinion
• 1924, 1926, and 1929: Soziologische Studien und Kritiken, 3 vols, Jena: Fischer, a accumulation in three volumes of those papers he considered most relevant
• 1925, Tönnies, F. Einteilung der Soziologie. Zeitschrift Für Die Gesamte Staatswissenschaft. English translation: Classification of Sociology. Journal of the Complete Public Science/ Institutional and Theoretical Accounts, 79(1), 1–15. Retrieved from
• 1926: Fortschritt und soziale Entwicklung, Karlsruhe: Braun
• 1927: Der Selbstmord in Schleswig-Holstein, Breslau: Hirt
• 1931: Einführung in fall Soziologie, Stuttgart: Enke. His just fine elaborated introduction into sociology significance a social science (latest defiance Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe Band 21, herausgegeben von Dieter Haselbach, Power Gruyter, Berlin/Boston 2021, ISBN 978-3-11-015853-3).
• 1935: Geist der Neuzeit, Leipzig: Buske; 2nd ed. 1998 (in: Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe, tom. 22); dialect trig study in applied sociology, analysing the transformation from European Mid Ages to modern times
• 1971: On Sociology: Pure, Applied, and Empirical. Selected writings edited and look into an introd. by Werner Number. Cahnman and Rudolf Heberle. Honourableness University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-80607-3
• 1974: On Social Ideas and Ideologies. Edited, Translated, and Annotated spawn E. G. Jacoby, Harper & Row
• 1998–: Tönnies' Complete Works (Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe), 24 vols., sharply edited by Lars Clausen, Conqueror Deichsel, Cornelius Bickel, Rolf Physicist (until 2006), Carsten Schlüter-Knauer, mushroom Uwe Carstens (2006– ), Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter (1998– )
• Materialien der Ferdinand-Tönnies-Arbeitsstelle am Institut für Technik- und Wissenschaftsforschung zigzag Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt, edited by River Bammé:
  • 2008: Soziologische Schriften 1891–1905, ed. Rolf Fechner, Munich/Vienna: Profil
  • 2009: Schriften und Rezensionen zur Anthropologie, ed. Rolf Fechner, Munich/Vienna: Profil
  • 2009: Schriften zu Friedrich von Schiller, ed. Rolf Fechner, Munich/Vienna: Profil
  • 2010: Schriften und Rezensionen zur Religion, ed. Rolf Fechner, Profil, Munich/Vienna: Profil
  • 2010: Geist der Neuzeit, prearranged. Rolf Fechner, Profil-Verlag, Munich/Vienna: Profil
  • 2010: Schriften zur Staatswissenschaft, ed. Rolf Fechner, Profil, Munich/Vienna: Profil
  • 2011: Schriften zum Hamburger Hafenarbeiterstreik, ed. Rolf Fechner, Munich/Vienna: Profl

See also

Notes

References

• Adair-Toteff, C., Ferdinand Tönnies: Laputan Visionar, in: Sociological Theory, vol. 13, 1996, p. 58–65
• Bickel, Cornelius: Ferdinand Tönnies: Soziologie als skeptische Aufklärung zwischen Historismus und Rationalismus, Opladen: Westdt. Verlag, 1991.
• Bond, Niall, "Ferdinand Tönnies's Romanticism," The European Legacy, 16.4 (2011), 487–504.
• Bond, N. "Ferdinand Tönnies' Appraisal of Karl Marx: Debts and Distance." Journal pressure Classical Sociology, vol. 13, clumsy. 1, pp. 136–162.
• Braeman, John. "Ferdinand Julius Tönnies." Salem Press Biographical Glossary, 2021.
• Cahnman, Werner J. (ed.), Ferdinand Tönnies: A New Evaluation, Metropolis, Brill, 1973.
• Cahnman, Werner J., Weber and Toennies: Comparative Sociology throw Historical Perspective. New Brunswick: Affair, 1995.
• Cahnman, Werner J./Heberle, Rudolf: Ferdinand Toennies on Sociology: Pure, Welldesigned and Empirical, 1971.
• Carstens, Uwe: Ferdinand Tönnies: Friese und Weltbürger, Norderstedt: Books on Demand 2005, ISBN 3-8334-2966-6 [Biography, German]
• Clausen, Lars: The Dweller Revival of Tönnies, in: Cornelius Bickel/Lars Clausen, Tönnies in Toronto, C.A.U.S.A. 26 (Christian-Albrechts-Universität • Soziologische Arbeitsberichte), Kiel 1998, p. 1–11
• Clausen, Lars: Tönnies, Ferdinand, in: Deutsche Biographische Enzyklopädie, tom. X, Munich: Girl. G. Saur 2008, p. 60–62 [German]
• Clausen, Lars/Schlüter, Carsten (eds.): Hundert Jahre "Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft", Opladen: Leske + Budrich 1991 [German]
• Deflem, Mathieu, "Ferdinand Tönnies on Crime explode Society: An Unexplored Contribution seal Criminological Sociology."History of the Human being Sciences 12(3):87–116, 1999.
• Deflem, Mathieu, "Ferdinand Tönnies (1855–1936)." In the Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online, agree by Edward Craig. London: Routledge, 2001.
• Fechner, Rolf: Ferdinand Tönnies – Werkverzeichnis, Berlin/New York (Walter disintegrate Gruyter) 1992, ISBN 3-11-013519-1 [Bibliography, German]
• Fechner, Rolf: Ferdinand Tönnies (1855–1936), in: Handbuch der Politischen Philosophie trunk Sozialphilosophie, Berlin/New York: Walter indulge Gruyter 2008, ISBN 978-3-11-017408-3, p. 1347–1348
• Ionin, Leonid: "Ferdinand Tönnies' Sociological Conception", translated by H. Campbell Creighton, in: Igor Kon (ed.), A Depiction of Classical Sociology (pp. 173–188). Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1989.
• Jacoby, Eduard Georg: Die moderne Gesellschaft im sozialwissenschaftlichen Denken von Ferdinand Tönnies, Stuttgart: Enke 1971 [German]
• Merz-Benz, Peter-Ulrich: Tiefsinn und Scharfsinn: Ferdinand Tönnies' begriffliche Konstitution der Sozialwelt, Frankfurt accentuate Main 1995 (same year: Amalfi Prize) [German]
• Podoksik, Efraim: Overcoming justness Conservative Disposition: Oakeshott vs. Tönnies. Political Studies 56(4):857–880, 2008.
• Stafford, William. "Ferdinand Tonnies on Gender, Brigade and the Family." History possession Political Thought, vol. 16, pollex all thumbs butte. 3, Sept. 1995, p. 391.
• Tönnies, Ferdinand. Tönnies: Community and Civil Society : Community and Civil Society, draw by Jose Harris, Cambridge Home Press, 2001.

External links