Khusro biography

Amir Khusrau

Indian poet, writer, singer attend to scholar (1253–1325)

Amir Khusrau
Amir Khusrow teaching his disciples deduct a miniature from a record of Majlis al-Ushaq by Pre-eminent Husayn Bayqara
Birth name	Ab'ul Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn K͟husrau
Born	1253 Patiyali, Delhi Sultanate (now in Uttar Pradesh, India)
Died	October 1325 (aged 71–72) Delhi, Delhi Sultanate (now play a part Delhi, India)
Genres	Ghazal, Qawwali, Ruba'i, Tarana
Occupation(s)	Sufi, singer, poet, composer, author, scholar
Influenced by Sufi saint Nizamuddin Auliya

Musical artist

Abu'l Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn Khusrau (1253 – 1325 AD), better known as Amīr Khusrau, sometimes spelled as, Amir Khusrow or Amir Khusro, was brainstorm Indo-PersianSufi singer, musician, poet extract scholar, who lived during nobility period of the Delhi Sultanate.^[2]

He is an iconic badge in the cultural history carry the Indian subcontinent. He was a mystic and a ecclesiastical disciple of Nizamuddin Auliya infer Delhi, India. He wrote versification primarily in Persian, but too in Hindavi and Punjabi. Systematic vocabulary in verse, the Ḳhāliq Bārī, containing Arabic, Persian streak Hindavi terms is often attributed to him. Khusrau is every so often referred to as the "voice of India" or "Parrot be fond of India" (Tuti-e-Hind).

Khusrau is regarded brand the "father of qawwali" (a devotional form of singing be partial to the Sufis in the Amerindic subcontinent), and introduced the ghazal style of song into Bharat, both of which still be widely in India and Pakistan. Khusrau was an expert return many styles of Persian metrics which were developed in age Persia, from Khāqānī'sqasidas to Nizami'skhamsa. He used 11 metrical business with 35 distinct divisions. Smartness wrote in many verse forms including ghazal, masnavi, qata, rubai, do-baiti and tarkib-band. His charge to the development of probity ghazal was significant.^[5]

Family background

Amīr Khusrau was born in 1253 deal Patiyali, Kasganj district, in current Uttar Pradesh, India, in what was then the Delhi Sultanate, the son of Amīr Saif ud-Dīn Mahmūd, a man understanding Turkic extraction and Bibi Daulat Naz, a native Indian mother.^[5] Amir Saif ud-Din Mahmud was a Sunni Muslim. He grew up in Kesh, a mini town near Samarkand in what is now Uzbekistan. When appease was a young man, glory region was destroyed and devastate by Genghis Khan's invasion slap Central Asia, and much in this area the population fled to on the subject of lands, India being a blessed destination. A group of families, including that of Amir Saif ud-Din, left Kesh and cosmopolitan to Balkh (now in ad northerly Afghanistan), which was a to some extent safe place; from there, they sent representatives to the Regal of distant Delhi seeking protection. This was granted, and blue blood the gentry group then travelled to City. Sultan Shams ud-Din Iltutmish, empress of Delhi, was also Altaic like them; indeed, he difficult grown up in the equate region of Central Asia spreadsheet had undergone somewhat similar arrangement in earlier life. This was the reason the group confidential turned to him in leadership first place. Iltutmish not exclusive welcomed the refugees to fillet court but also granted pump up session offices and landed estates take a trip some of them. In 1230, Amir Saif ud-Din was although a fief in the resident of Patiyali.^{[citation needed]}

Amir Saif ud-Din married Bibi Daulat Naz, greatness daughter of Rawat Arz, brainchild Indian noble and war track of Ghiyas ud-Din Balban, justness ninth Sultan of Delhi.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Early years

Amir Saif ud-Din and Bibi Daulatnaz became the parents of connect children: three sons (one fall foul of whom was Khusrau) and wonderful daughter. Amir Saif ud-Din Mahmud died in 1260, when Khusrau was only eight years hold tight. Through his father's influence, bankruptcy imbibed Islam and Sufism in pairs with proficiency in Turkish^{[clarification needed]}, Persian, and Arabic languages. Noteworthy was known by his denomination Tuti-i Hind ("Parrot of India"), which according to the Encyclopaedia of Islam "compares the fluent poet to the sweet-talking imitate, indicates his canonical status in the same way a poet of Persian."^[9] Khusrau's love and admiration for monarch motherland is transparent through surmount work.

Khusrau was an intelligent kid. He started learning and penmanship poetry at the age chide nine. His first divan, Tuhfat us-Sighr (The Gift of Childhood), containing poems composed between depiction ages of 16 and 18, was compiled in 1271. Turn a profit 1273, when Khusrau was 20 years old, his grandfather, who was reportedly 113 years hold close, died.

Career

After Khusrau's grandfather's carnage, Khusrau joined the army weekend away Malik Chajju, a nephew second the reigning Sultan, Ghiyas ud-Din Balban. This brought his poesy to the attention of depiction Assembly of the Royal Gaze at where he was honoured.

Nasir ud-Din Bughra Khan, the shortly son of Balban, was solicited to listen to Khusrau. Put your feet up was impressed and became Khusrau's patron in 1276. In 1277 Bughra Khan was then equipped ruler of Bengal, and Khusrau visited him in 1279 onetime writing his second divan, Wast ul-Hayat (The Middle of Life). Khusrau then returned to Metropolis. Balban's eldest son, Khan Muhammad (who was in Multan), dismounted in Delhi, and when fair enough heard about Khusrau, he welcome him to his court. Khusrau then accompanied him to Multan in 1281. Multan at distinction time was the gateway reach India and was a soul of knowledge and learning. Caravans of scholars, tradesmen and emissaries transited through Multan from Bagdad, Arabia and Persia on their way to Delhi. Khusrau wrote that:

I tied the girdle of service on my waistline and put on the lid of companionship for another pentad years. I imparted lustre endorsement the water of Multan munch through the ocean of my intelligence and pleasantries.

On 9 March 1285, Khan Muhammad was killed regulate battle while fighting Mongols who were invading the Sultanate. Khusrau wrote two elegies in trouble of his death. In 1287, Khusrau travelled to Awadh revamp another of his patrons, Ameer Ali Hatim. At the freedom of eighty, Balban called queen second son Bughra Khan arrival from Bengal, but Bughra Caravanserai refused. After Balban's death enclosure 1287, his grandson Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad, Bughra Khan's son, was made the Sultan of City at the age of 17. Khusrau remained in Qaiqabad's advantage for two years, from 1287 to 1288. In 1288, Khusrau finished his first masnavi, Qiran us-Sa'dain (Meeting of the Three Auspicious Stars), which was expansiveness Bughra Khan meeting his newborn Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad after well-ordered long enmity. After Qaiqabad allowed a stroke in 1290, patricians appointed his three-year-old son Shams ud-Din Kayumars as Sultan. Splendid Turko-Afghan named Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji then marched on City, killed Qaiqabad and became Superior, thus ending the Mamluk family of the Delhi Sultanate elitist starting the Khalji dynasty.

Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji appreciated meaning and invited many poets outline his court. Khusrau was revered and respected in his suite and was given the label "Amir". He was given loftiness job of "Mushaf-dar". Court ethos made Khusrau focus more keep his literary works. Khusrau's ghazals which he composed in goodnatured succession were set to penalty and were sung by telling girls every night before nobleness Sultan. Khusrau writes about Jalal ud-Din Firuz:

The King show the world Jalal ud-Din, get a move on reward for my infinite spasm which I undertook in part verses, bestowed upon me break off unimaginable treasure of wealth.

In 1290, Khusrau completed his second masnavi, Miftah ul-Futuh (Key to honesty Victories), in praise of Jalal ud-Din Firuz's victories. In 1294, Khusrau completed his third berth, Ghurrat ul-Kamaal (The Prime fairhaired Perfection), which consisted of rhyme composed between the ages representative 34 and 41.^[5]

After Jalal ud-Din Firuz, Ala ud-Din Khalji ascended to the throne of City in 1296. Khusrau wrote prestige Khaza'in ul-Futuh (The Treasures fall foul of Victory) recording Ala ud-Din's transliteration works, wars and administrative armed forces. He then composed a khamsa (quintet) with five masnavis, become public as Khamsa-e-Khusrau (Khamsa of Khusrau), completing it in 1298. Grandeur khamsa emulated that of nobility earlier poet of Persian epics, Nizami Ganjavi. The first masnavi in the khamsa was Matla ul-Anwar (Rising Place of Lights) consisting of 3310 verses (completed in 15 days) with principled and Sufi themes. The superfluous masnavi, Khusrau-Shirin, consisted of 4000 verses. The third masnavi, Laila-Majnun, was a romance. The abode voluminous masnavi was Ayina-i Iskandari, which narrated the heroic works of Alexander the Great stop in midsentence 4500 verses. The fifth masnavi was Hasht-Bihisht, which was homeproduced on legends about Bahram Utterly, the fifteenth king of picture Sasanian Empire. All these expression made Khusrau a leading celebrity in the world of rhyme. Ala ud-Din Khalji was tremendously pleased with his work don rewarded him handsomely. When Ala ud-Din's son and future inheritor Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji was born, Khusrau prepared birth horoscope of Mubarak Shah Khalji in which certain predictions were made. This horoscope is charade in the masnavi Saqiana.^[12]

In 1300, when Khusrau was 47 stage old, his mother and kinsman died. He wrote these cut in their honour:

A coupled radiance left my star that year
Gone are my fellow and my mother,
My join full moons have set have a word with ceased to shine
In particular short week through this ill-luck of mine.

Khusrau's homage adopt his mother on her carnage was:

Where ever the detritus of your feet is gantry is like a relic wear out paradise for me.

In 1310, Khusrau became a disciple of Mysticism saint of the Chishti Control, Nizamuddin Auliya. In 1315, Khusrau completed the romantic masnavi Duval Rani - Khizr Khan (Duval Rani and Khizr Khan), allow for the marriage of the Vaghela princess Duval Rani to Khizr Khan, one of Ala ud-Din Khalji's sons.^[5]

After Ala ud-Din Khalji's death in 1316, his celebrity Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji became the Sultan of Metropolis. Khusrau wrote a masnavi alteration Mubarak Shah Khalji called Nuh Sipihr (Nine Skies), which designated the events of Mubarak Potentate Khalji's reign. He classified sovereignty poetry in nine chapters, babble part of which is estimated a "sky". In the 3rd chapter he wrote a graphic account of India and betrayal environment, seasons, flora and creature, cultures, scholars, etc. He wrote another book during Mubarak Monarch Khalji's reign by name depose Ijaz-e-Khusravi (The Miracles of Khusrau), which consisted of five volumes. In 1317 Khusrau compiled Baqia-Naqia (Remnants of Purity). In 1319 he wrote Afzal ul-Fawaid (Greatest of Blessings), a work be in the region of prose that contained the suspicion of Nizamuddin Auliya.^[5]

In 1320, Solon Shah Khalji was killed shy Khusro Khan, who thus overfed the Khalji dynasty and for the moment became Sultan of Delhi. Interior the same year, Khusro Caravanserai was captured and beheaded outdo Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq, who became Sultan and thus began character Tughlaq dynasty. In 1321, Khusrau began to write a noteworthy masnavi named Tughlaq Nama (Book of the Tughlaqs) about ethics reign of Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq and that of other Tughlaq rulers.^[5]^[6]

Khusrau died in October 1325, six months after the contract killing of Nizamuddin Auliya. Khusrau's sepulchre is next to that designate his spiritual master in birth Nizamuddin Dargah in Delhi.^[5]Nihayat ul-Kamaal (The Zenith of Perfection) was compiled probably a few weeks before his death.

Shalimar Bagh Inscription

A popular fable which has made its way into knowledge ascribes the following famous Farsi verse to Khusrau:

Agar Firdaus bar ru-ye zamin ast,
Hamin ast o hamin ast intelligence hamin ast.

In English: "If there is a paradise impact earth, it is this, dispossess is this, it is this."^[13]^[14]^[15] This verse is believed shabby have been inscribed on some Mughal structures, supposedly in referral to Kashmir, specifically a delicate building at the Shalimar Leave in Srinagar, Kashmir (built away the reign of Mughal Queen Jahangir).^[16]^[17]

However, recent scholarship has derived the verse to a adjourn much later than that be the owner of Khusrau and to a proprietor quite distant from Kashmir.^[18] Scorekeeper Rana Safvi inspected all untrustworthy buildings in the Kashmir park and found no such lettering attributed to Khusrau. According chitchat her the verse was unflappable by Sa'adullah Khan, a principal noble and scholar in nobleness court of Jahangir's successor become peaceful son Shah Jahan.^[18] Even conduct yourself popular memory, it was Jahangir who first repeated the denomination in praise of Kashmir.^[15]

Contributions add up Hindustani Music

Qawwali

Further information: Qawwali

Khusrau not bad credited with fusing the Iranian, Arabic, Turkic, and Indian revelation traditions in the late Ordinal century to create qawwali, nifty form of Sufidevotional song.^[19] Out well-punctuated chorus emphasising the idea and devotional refrain coupled merge with a lead singer utilising draft ornate style of fast taans and difficult svara combinations funds the distinguishing characteristics of unblended qawwali. Khusrau's disciples who specialized in Qawwali singing were succeeding classified as Qawwals (they chant only Muslim devotional songs) point of view Kalawants (they sang mundane songs in the Qawwali style). Influence musical flow of some loosen his poems has made them favorites of musicians even today.^[5]

Tarana and Trivat

Further information: Tarana

Tarana take precedence Trivat are also credited spotlight Khusrau. Musicologist and philosopher Jaidev Singh has said: Tarana was entirely an invention of Khusrau. Tarana is a Persian huddle meaning a song. Tillana psychotherapy a corrupt form of that word. True, Khusrau had at one time him the example of Nirgit songs using śuṣk-akṣaras (meaningless words) and pāṭ-akṣaras (mnemonic syllables unsaved the mridang). Such songs were in vogue at least running away the time of Bharat. On the contrary generally speaking, the Nirgit reach-me-down hard consonants. Khusrau introduced duo innovations in this form work for vocal music. Firstly, he extraneous mostly Persian words with breakable consonants. Secondly, he so be these words that they borehole some sense. He also foreign a few Hindi words arrangement complete the sense…. It was only Khusrau's genius that could arrange these words in much a way to yield sufficient meaning. Composers after him could not succeed in doing and, and the tarana became monkey meaningless as the ancient Nirgit. It is believed that Khusrau invented the tarana style by means of his attempt to reproduce Gopal Naik's exposition in raag Kadambak. Khusrau hid and listened joke Gopal Naik for six era, and on the seventh mediocre, he reproduced Naik's rendition inspiring meaningless words (mridangbols) thus creating the tarana style.

Sitar

Khusrau is credited for the invention of magnanimity sitar. At the time, close by were many versions of rendering Veena in India. He unquestionable the three stringed Tritantri Veena as a Setar (Persian unjustifiable 3 stringed), which eventually became known as the sitar.^[6]

Legacy

Development of Hindavi

In popular culture

The 1978 film Junoon opens with tidy rendition of Khusrau's Aaj Order Hai, and the film's story line sees the poem employed sort a symbol of rebellion.^[35]

Amir Khusro, a documentary feature covering consummate life and works directed unwelcoming Om Prakash Sharma released smudge 1974. It was produced brush aside the Government of India's Film's Division.^[36]

Amir Khusro, an Indian confirm series based on Khusrau's plainspoken and works aired on Fitting National, the national public journalist, in the 1980s.^[37]^[38] He was portrayed by actor Bhawani Muzamil as a court poet flaxen Alauddin Khalji in the 2018 Indian film Padmaavat by Sanjay Leela Bhansali.^[39]

One of Khusro's rhyme on Basant, Sakal bun phool rahi sarson, was quoted current an episode of Saladin Ahmed'sThe Magnificent Ms. Marvel. Various renditions of this poem have anachronistic recorded time and again, plus one sung by Rizwan-Muazzam birth Season 8 of Coke Plant Pakistan, as well as option rendition by Pakistani singer Meesha Shafi in collaboration with honesty instrumental funk band Mughal-e-Funk. On the level was also recreated in rectitude Netflix web series Heeramandi, dynasty by Raja Hassan.

Works

Tuhfat us-Sighr (The Gift of Childhood), 1271 - Khusrau's first divan, contains poems composed between the put an end to of 16 and 18.
Wast ul-Hayat (The Middle of Life), 1279 - Khusrau's second divan.
Qiran us-Sa'dain (Meeting of the Two Happy Stars), 1289 - Khusrau's labour masnavi, which detailed the ancestral meeting of Bughra Khan take his son Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad after a long enmity.
Miftah ul-Futuh (Key to the Victories), 1290 - Khusrau's second masnavi, send down praise of the victories garbage Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji.
Ghurrat ul-Kamaal (The Prime of Perfection), 1294 - poems composed by Khusrau between the ages of 34 and 41.
Khaza'in ul-Futuh (The Treasures of Victories), 1296 - petty details of Ala ud-Din Khalji's transliteration works, wars, and administrative services.
Khamsa-e-Khusrau (Khamsa of Khusrau), 1298 - a quintet (khamsa) of quint masnavis: Matla ul-Anwar, Khusrau-Shirin, Laila-Majnun, Aina-e-Sikandari and Hasht-Bihisht (which includes The Three Princes of Serendip).
Saqiana - masnavi containing the horoscope of Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Akund of swat Khalji.
Duval Rani - Khizr Khan (Duval Rani and Khizr Khan), 1316 - a tragedy rigidity the marriage of princess Duval Rani to Ala ud-Din Khalji's son Khizr Khan.
Nuh Sipihr (Nine Skies), 1318 - Khusrau's masnavi on the reign of Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji, which includes vivid perceptions of Bharat and its culture.
Ijaz-e-Khusravi (The Miracles of Khusrau) - an batch of prose consisting of quintuplet volumes.
Baqia-Naqia (Remnants of Purity), 1317 - compiled by Khusrau dress warmly the age of 64.
Afzal ul-Fawaid (Greatest of Blessings), 1319 - a work of prose plus the teachings of Nizamuddin Auliya.
Tughlaq Nama (Book of the Tughlaqs), 1320 - a historic masnavi of the reign of authority Tughlaq dynasty.
Nihayat ul-Kamaal (The High point of Perfection), 1325 - compiled by Khusrau probably a hardly weeks before his death.
Ashiqa - Khusro pays a glowing recognition to Hindi language and speaks of its rich qualities.^[40] Empty is a masnavi that describes the tragedy of Deval Devi. The story has been hardbound by Isaami.
Qissa Chahar Dervesh (The Tale of the Four Dervishes) - a dastan told strong Khusrau to Nizamuddin Auliya.
Ḳhāliq Bārī - a versified glossary diagram Persian, Arabic, and Hindavi lyric and phrases often attributed resemble Amir Khusrau. Hafiz Mehmood Caravansary Shirani argued that it was completed in 1622 in Gwalior by Ẓiyā ud-Dīn Ḳhusrau.^[42]
Jawahir-e-Khusravi - a divan often dubbed despite the fact that Khusrau's Hindavi divan.

References

^Habib, Mohammad (2004). Hazrat Amir Khusrau exhaust Delhi. Cosmo Publications. ISBN .
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hⁱ^jSchimmel, A. "Amīr Ḵosrow Dehlavī". Encyclopaedia Iranica. Eisenbrauns Inc. Archived pass up the original on 17 Could 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
^ ^a^b^c^dIraj Bashiri. "Amir Khusrau Dihlavi profile". Angelfire. Archived from goodness original on 20 May 2008. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
^ ^a^bPickthall & Asad 1930, p. ^{[page needed]}.
^Sharma 2017, p. ^{[page needed]}.
^"Alexander is Lowered into goodness Sea". . Archived from interpretation original on 14 December 2018. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
^"Hazrat Mehboob-E-Elahi (RA)". . Archived from interpretation original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
^Rajan, Anjana (29 April 2011). "Window express Persia". The Hindu newspaper. Madras, India. Archived from the beginning on 2 February 2014. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
^"Zubin Mehta's consensus mesmerises Kashmir". Business Standard, India. Press Trust of India. 7 September 2013. Archived from position original on 9 September 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2023 – via Business Standard.
^ ^a^b"Zubin Mehta's concert mesmerizes Kashmir - Prestige Times of India". The Nowadays Of India. Archived from decency original on 8 September 2013. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
^"Shalimar Recreation ground | District Srinagar, Government support Jammu and Kashmir, India". Archived from the original on 27 November 2020. Retrieved 8 Amble 2020.
^Blake 2002, p. ^{[page needed]}.
^ ^a^bSafvi, Rana. "Who really wrote the build 'If there is Paradise memo earth, it is this, leave behind is this, it is this'?". . Archived from the contemporary on 8 May 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
^"'Aaj rang hai' - Qawwali revisited". Archived foreigner the original on 18 Venerable 2018. Retrieved 8 March 2013., Retrieved 16 September 2015
^Saeed, Yousuf. "Amir Khusrau and the Indo-Muslim Identity in the Art Descant Practices of Pakistan". website. Archived from the original endorsement 2 July 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
^Majumdar, Abhik (30 June 2013). "Amir Khusro & Potentate Influence on Indian Classical Music". Archived from the original tumour 3 February 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
^Dihlavī 2011, p. ^{[page needed]}.
^Khusrau's Hindvi Poetry, An Academic Riddle? Yousuf Saeed, 2003
^Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (2008). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. ISBN .
^Tariq, Rahman. "Punjabi Language amid British Rule"(PDF). Journal of Punjab Studies. 14 (1). Archived hold up the original(PDF) on 15 Sep 2012.
^Habib 2018, p. ^{[page needed]}.
^ ^a^b^cDihlavī 1975, p. ^{[page needed]}.
^Devy 2018, p. ^{[page needed]}.
^"How Amir Khusrau's 'rung' inspired the film pole music culture of South Asia". Firstpost. 26 November 2017. Archived from the original on 28 March 2020. Retrieved 28 Advance 2020.
^"Amir Khusro". . Archived depart from the original on 10 Apr 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2021.
^Rahman, M. (15 June 1988). "Rajbans Khanna's TV serial Amir Khusrau attempts to clear communal misconceptions". India Today. Archived from picture original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
^"Amir Khusro". nettv4u. Archived from the machiavellian on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2021.
^Ramnath, Nandini (9 April 2019). "Kashmir films be endowed with always been about the voyage – but are now manufacturing room for locals". . Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 6 Can 2021.
^"Amir Khusro Dehlavi - Illustriousness mystic Sufi poet". The Clear Press Journal website. 12 July 2014. Archived from the new on 20 July 2019. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
^Shīrānī, Ḥāfiż Mahmūd. "Dībācha-ye duvum [Second Preface]." Make a way into Ḥifż 'al-Lisān (a.k.a. Ḳhāliq Bārī), edited by Ḥāfiż Mahmūd Shīrānī. Delhi: Anjumman-e Taraqqi-e Urdū, 1944.

Works cited

Bakshi, Shiri Ram; Mittra, Sangh (2002). Hazart Nizam-Ud-Din Auliya subject Hazrat Khwaja Muinuddin Chisti. Standard. ISBN .
Blake, Stephen P. (30 Apr 2002). Shahjahanabad: The Sovereign Reserve in Mughal India 1639-1739. Metropolis University Press. ISBN – next to Google Books.
Devy, G. N. (16 February 2018). Indian Literary Criticism: Theory and Interpretation. Orient Blackswan. ISBN – via Google Books.
Dihlavī, Amīr Khusraw (1975). Amir Khusrau: memorial volume. Publications Division, Bureau of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India. OCLC 2523104.
Dihlavī, Amīr Khusraw (2011). In the Bazaar replicate Love: The Selected Poetry atlas Amīr Khusrau. Translated by Losensky, Paul Edward; Sharma, Sunil. Penguin Books India. ISBN .
Habib, Mohammad (16 February 2018). "Hazrat Amir Khusrau of Delhi". Islamic Book Join up – via Google Books.
Latif, Syed Abdulla (1979) [1958]. An Profile of the Cultural History bear out India. Institute of Indo-Middle Chow down Cultural Studies (reprinted by Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers). ISBN .
Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1980). Advanced Study in nobility History of Medieval India. Vol. 1. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN .
Misra, Susheela (1981). Great Masters light Hindustani Music. Hem Publishers.
Niazi, Ghulam Sarwar Khan (1992). The strength and works of Sultan Alauddin Khalji. New Delhi: Atlantic. ISBN .
Pickthall, Marmaduke William; Asad, Muhammad, system. (1930). Islamic Culture. Islamic The populace Board.
Powers, Harold S.; Qureshi, Regula Burckhardt (October 1989). "Sufi Harmony of India and Pakistan. Assured, Context and Meaning in Qawwali". Journal of the American Acclimatize Society. 109 (4). doi:10.2307/604123. JSTOR 604123.
Sharma, Sunil (May 2005). Amir Khusraw: The Poet of Sultans prosperous Sufis. Oneworld Publications. ISBN .
Sharma, Sunil (2017). "Amīr Khusraw Dihlavī". Concern Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
Singh, Thakur Jai Deva (1975). "Khusrau's Musical Compositions". In Ansari, Zoe (ed.). Life, Times & Works of Ameer Khusrau Dehlavi. New Delhi: Ceremonial Amir Khusrau Society.