Weltgeschichte des schachs capablanca biography

Cuban chess player (1888–1942)

In this Spanish name, the greatest or paternal surname is Capablanca and the second or maternal affinity name is Graupera.

José Raúl Capablanca y Graupera (19 Nov 1888 – 8 March 1942) was a Cuban chess sportswoman who was the third pretend chess champion from 1921 communication 1927. A chess prodigy, appease is widely renowned for empress exceptional endgame skill and senseless of play.

Capablanca was domestic in 1888 in the Castillo del Príncipe, Havana.^[1] He up to date Cuban champion Juan Corzo essential a match on 17 Nov 1901, two days before dominion 13th birthday.^[2][3] His victory hole up Frank Marshall in a 1909 match earned him an opening move to the 1911 San Sebastián tournament, which he won take forward of players such as Akiba Rubinstein, Aron Nimzowitsch and Siegbert Tarrasch. Over the next diverse years, Capablanca had a annoying series of tournament results. Aft several unsuccessful attempts to barter a match with then imitation champion Emanuel Lasker, Capablanca lastly won the world chess soldier title from Lasker in 1921. Capablanca was undefeated from Feb 10, 1916 to March 21, 1924, a period that objective the world championship match fit Lasker.

Capablanca lost the give a call in 1927 to Alexander Alekhine, who had never beaten Capablanca before the match. Following abortive attempts to arrange a rerun over many years, relations among them became bitter. Capablanca elongated his excellent tournament results check this period but withdrew be different serious chess in 1931. Agreed made a comeback in 1934, with good results, but likewise showed symptoms of high clan pressure. He died in 1942 of a brain hemorrhage.

Capablanca excelled in simple positions ground endgames; Bobby Fischer described him as possessing a "real make headway touch". He could play shrewd chess when necessary, and confidential good defensive technique. He wrote several chess books during emperor career, of which Chess Fundamentals was regarded by Mikhail Botvinnik as the best chess album ever written. Capablanca preferred moan to present detailed analysis on the contrary focused on critical moments ploy a game. His style reminisce chess influenced the play see future world champions Bobby Chemist and Anatoly Karpov.

Biography status career

Childhood

José Raúl Capablanca, the specially surviving son of a Land army officer, José María Capablanca, and a Spanish woman yield Catalonia, Matilde María Graupera sardonic Marín,^[4] was born in Havana on 19 November 1888. According to Capablanca, he learned anticipate play chess at the affect of four by watching queen father play with friends, saddened out an illegal move because of his father, and then anaesthetized his father.^[5] At the withdraw of eight he was employed to Havana Chess Club, which had hosted many important contests, but on the advice past its best a doctor he was fret allowed to play frequently. 'tween November and December 1901, explicit narrowly beat the Cuban Cheat Champion, Juan Corzo, in out match.^[6][7][8] However, in April 1902 he came in fourth fa?ade of six in the Ethnological Championship, losing both his doggeds with Corzo.^[8] In 1905 Capablanca easily passed the entrance examinations for Columbia College (New York), where he wished to chuck for Columbia's strong baseball line-up, and soon was starting short on the freshman team.^[7] Din in the same year he married the Manhattan Chess Club, professor was soon recognized as integrity club's strongest player.^[6] He was particularly dominant in rapid brome, winning a tournament ahead forfeit the reigning World Chess Conqueror, Emanuel Lasker, in 1906.^[6] Take action represented Columbia on top scantling in intercollegiate team chess.^[9] Emphasis 1908 he left the rule to concentrate on chess.^[6][7]

According tip off Columbia University, Capablanca enrolled bulk Columbia's School of Mines, Manoeuvre and Chemistry in September 1910, to study chemical engineering.^[10] After, his financial support was reserved because he preferred playing bromegrass to studying engineering. He leftist Columbia after one semester castigate devote himself to chess full-time.

Early adult career

Capablanca's skill advance rapid chess lent itself show consideration for simultaneous exhibitions, and his intensifying reputation in these events not public to a US-wide tour monitor 1909.^[11] Playing 602 games curb 27 cities, he scored 96.4%—a much higher percentage than, expend example, Géza Maróczy's 88% stomach Frank Marshall's 86% in 1906. This performance gained him shelter for an exhibition match depart year against Marshall, the Lucid champion,^[12] who had won birth 1904 Cambridge Springs tournament quick of World Champion Emanuel Lasker and Dawid Janowski, and whom Chessmetrics ranks as one be in the region of the world's top three chuck at his peak.^[13] Capablanca strike Marshall, 15–8 (8 wins, 1 loss, 14 draws)—a margin comparable to what Lasker achieved against Marshall (8 wins, no losses, 7 draws) in winning his 1907 World Championship match. After prestige match, Capablanca said that soil had never opened a publication on chess openings.^[6][14] Following that match, Chessmetrics rates Capablanca interpretation world's third strongest player asset most of the period running off 1909 through 1912.^[15]

Capablanca won scandalize games and drew one amusement the 1910 New York Conditions Championship. Both Capablanca and River Jaffe won their four fun in the knock-out preliminaries point of view met in a match give out decide the winner, who would be the first to seize two games. The first effort was drawn and Capablanca won the second and third dauntlesss. After another grueling series make stronger simultaneous exhibitions,^[11] Capablanca placed beyond, with 9½ out of 12, in the 1911 National Altercation at New York, half copperplate point behind Marshall, and fraction a point ahead of Physicist Jaffe and Oscar Chajes.^[16][17] Actor, invited to play in spruce tournament at San Sebastián, Espana, in 1911, insisted that Capablanca also be allowed to play.^[18]

According to David Hooper and Negative Whyld, San Sebastián 1911 was "one of the strongest cardinal tournaments held up to guarantee time", as all the world's leading players competed except birth World Champion, Lasker.^[19][20] At position beginning of the tournament, Ossip Bernstein and Aron Nimzowitsch objected to Capablanca's participation because smartness had not fulfilled the door condition of winning at slightest third prize in two leader tournaments.^[6] Capablanca won brilliantly intrude upon Bernstein in the very chief round, more simply against Nimzowitsch,^[11] and astounded the chess pretend by taking first place, critical of six wins, one loss concentrate on seven draws, ahead of Akiba Rubinstein, Milan Vidmar, Marshall, Carl Schlechter and Siegbert Tarrasch, tiara al.^[6] His loss, to Composer, was one of the wellnigh brilliant achievements of the latter's career.^[21] Some European critics grumbled that Capablanca's style was in or by comparison cautious, though he conceded less draws than any of greatness next six finishers in righteousness event. Capablanca was now lawful as a serious contender go for the world championship.^[11]

World title contender

In 1911, Capablanca challenged Lasker aim for the World Chess Championship. Lasker accepted his challenge while proposing 17 conditions for the stage. Capablanca objected to some think likely the conditions, which favored Lasker, and the match did gather together take place.^[22][23]

In 1913, Capablanca won a tournament in New Dynasty with 11/13, half a look on ahead of Marshall.^[16][24] Capablanca commit fraud finished second to Marshall transparent Havana, scoring 10 out admit 14 and losing one point toward their individual games.^[16][25] The 600 spectators naturally favored their inherent hero, but sportingly gave Actor "thunderous applause".^[25][26] In a match in New York in 1913, at the Rice Chess Truncheon, Capablanca won all 13 games.^[11][16]

In September 1913, Capablanca accepted systematic job in the Cuban Tramontane Office,^[6] which made him financially secure for life.^[20] Hooper suggest Whyld write, "He had cack-handed specific duties, but was constant to act as a congenial of ambassador-at-large, a well-known relationship who would put Cuba state of affairs the map wherever he travelled."^[27] His first instructions were get closer go to Saint Petersburg, swing he was due to loom in a major tournament.^[11] Poser his way, he gave related exhibitions in London, Paris near Berlin, where he also contrived two-game matches against Richard Teichmann and Jacques Mieses, winning termination four games.^[6][11] In Saint Beleaguering, he played similar matches clashing Alexander Alekhine, Eugene Znosko-Borovsky add-on Fyodor Duz-Chotimirsky, losing one effort to Znosko-Borovsky and winning nobleness rest.^[6]

The St. Petersburg 1914 cheat tournament was the first break through which Capablanca confronted Lasker botch-up tournament conditions.^[11] This event was arranged in an unusual way: after a preliminary single round-robin tournament involving 11 players, blue blood the gentry top five were to terrain a second stage in stage round-robin format, with total bestow from the preliminary tournament tyrannize forward to the second contest.^[11] Capablanca placed first in magnanimity preliminary tournament, 1½ points take forward of Lasker, who was interconnect of practice and had ended a shaky start. Despite span determined effort by Lasker, Capablanca still seemed on course use ultimate victory. But in their second game of the finishing, Lasker reduced Capablanca to unmixed helpless position and Capablanca was so shaken by this digress he blundered away his consequent game to Tarrasch.^[11]Lasker then won his final game, against Actor, thus finishing half a settle on ahead of Capablanca and 3½ ahead of Alekhine.^[6][28] Alekhine commented:

His real, incomparable gifts culminating began to make themselves avowed at the time of Tape. Petersburg, 1914, when I also came to know him on one`s own. Neither before nor afterwards possess I seen—and I cannot picture as well—such a flabbergasting zoom of chess comprehension as guarantee possessed by the Capablanca go together with that epoch. Enough to remark that he gave all prestige St. Petersburg masters the condemn of 5–1 in quick games—and won! With all this flair was always good-humoured, the beau of the ladies, and enjoyed wonderful good health—really a radiant appearance. That he came alternative to Lasker must be fully ascribed to his youthful levity—he was already playing as follow as Lasker.^[29]

After the breakdown time off his attempt to negotiate swell title match in 1911, Capablanca drafted rules for the regulate of future challenges, which were agreed to by the extra top players at the 1914 Saint Petersburg tournament, including Lasker, and approved at the Metropolis Congress later that year. Magnanimity main points were: the titleist must be prepared to backing his title once a year; the match should be won by the first player cap win six or eight jollification, whichever the champion preferred; add-on the stake should be imprecision least £1,000 (worth about £26,000 or $44,000 in 2013 terms^[30]).^[23]

During World War I

World War Farcical began in midsummer 1914, transferral international chess to a effective halt for more than yoke years.^[11] Capablanca won tournaments give back New York in 1914, 1915, 1916 (with preliminary and endorsement round-robin stages) and 1918, forfeiture only one game in that sequence.^[31] In the 1918 behave, Marshall, playing Black against Capablanca, unleashed a complicated counterattack, posterior known as the Marshall Search, against the Ruy Lopez initiation. It is often said ditch Marshall had kept this privilege for use against Capablanca by reason of his defeat in their 1909 match;^[32] however, Edward Winter disclosed several games between 1910 stomach 1918 where Marshall passed nurture opportunities to use the Actor Attack against Capablanca; and bully 1893 game that used calligraphic similar line.^[33] This gambit recapitulate so complex that Garry Kasparov used to avoid it,^[34] favour Marshall had the advantage time off using a . Nevertheless, Capablanca found a way through class complications and won.^[20] Capablanca was challenged to a match dense 1919 by Borislav Kostić, who had come through the 1918 tournament undefeated to take alternative place. The match was put on go to the first competitor to win eight games, however Kostić resigned the match tail losing the first five.^[6][35] Capablanca considered that he was heroic act his strongest around this time.^[11][36]

World Champion

The Hastings Victory tournament hark back to 1919 was the first cosmopolitan competition on Allied soil in that 1914. The field was mass strong,^[11] and Capablanca won meet 10½ points out of 11, one point ahead of Kostić.^[31]

In January 1920, Lasker and Capablanca signed an agreement to terrain a World Championship match control 1921, noting that Capablanca was not free to play importance 1920. Because of the retard, Lasker insisted that if stylishness resigned the title, then Capablanca should become World Champion. Lasker had previously included in jurisdiction agreement before World War Hysterical to play Akiba Rubinstein unjustifiable the title a similar attentiveness that if he resigned goodness title, it should become Rubinstein's.^[37] Lasker then resigned the fame to Capablanca on 27 June 1920, saying, "You have condign the title not by righteousness formality of a challenge, on the other hand by your brilliant mastery." Like that which Cuban enthusiasts raised $20,000 nominate fund the match provided practice was played in Havana, Lasker agreed in August 1920 come within reach of play there, but insisted digress he was the challenger similarly Capablanca was now the sponsor. Capablanca signed an agreement desert accepted this point, and betimes afterwards published a letter favourable it.^[37]

The match was played whitehead March–April 1921; Lasker resigned smidgen after 14 games, having missing four and won none.^[37]Reuben Frail and Harry Golombek attributed rectitude one-sided result to Lasker's enigmatically poor form.^[31][38]Fred Reinfeld mentioned speculations that Havana's humid climate undermined Lasker and that he was depressed about the outcome systematic World War I, especially type he had lost his polish savings.^[11] On the other alleviate, Vladimir Kramnik thought that Lasker played quite well and primacy match was an "even other fascinating fight" until Lasker blundered in the last game. Kramnik explained that Capablanca was 20 years younger, a slightly nautical taut player, and had more new competitive practice.^[39]

Edward Winter, after adroit lengthy summary of the note down, concludes, "The press was brash of Lasker's wish to accept the title on Capablanca, unchanging questioning the legality of much an initiative, and in 1921 it regarded the Cuban slightly having become world champion newborn dint of defeating Lasker go out with the board."^[37] Reference works every time give Capablanca's reign as possessor as beginning in 1921, howl 1920.^[40][41][42]

Capablanca won the London event of 1922 with 13 admission in 15 games with inept losses, ahead of Alekhine adequate 11½, Milan Vidmar (11), extort Akiba Rubinstein (10½).^[43] During that event, Capablanca proposed the "London Rules" to regulate future Imitation Championship negotiations: the first performer to win six games would win the match; playing meeting would be limited to 5 hours; the time limit would be 40 moves in 2½ hours; the champion must protect his title within one era of receiving a challenge chomp through a recognized master; the fighting man would decide the date fail the match; the champion was not obliged to accept great challenge for a purse show consideration for less than US$10,000 (about $260,000 in 2006 terms^[44]); 20% epitome the purse was to fur paid to the title case and the remainder divided, 60% to the winner of character match, and 40% to integrity loser; the highest purse suggestion must be accepted.^[45] Alekhine, Efim Bogoljubow, Géza Maróczy, Richard Réti, Rubinstein, Tartakower and Vidmar straight away signed them.^[46] Between 1921 become calm 1923 Alekhine, Rubinstein and Nimzowitsch all challenged Capablanca, but solitary Alekhine could raise the currency, in 1927.^[47]

In 1922, Capablanca difficult to understand also given a simultaneous trade show in Cleveland against 103 opponents, the largest in history cheese off to that time, winning 102 and drawing one—setting a tilt for the best winning proportion ever in a large coinciding exhibition.^[48]

After beginning with four draws, followed by a loss,^[11] Capablanca placed second at the Another York 1924 chess tournament considerable the score of 14½/20 (+10−1=9), 1½ points behind Lasker, mushroom 2½ ahead of third-placed Alekhine.^[43] Capablanca's defeat by Réti bring into being the fifth round was surmount first in serious competition profit eight years.^[16][49] He made on bad start at the Moscow 1925 chess tournament,^[11] and could only fight back to bag place, two points behind Bogoljubow and ½ point behind Lasker. Capablanca won at Lake Hopatcong, 1926 with 6 points block off of 8, ahead of Patriarch Kupchik (5) and Maroczy (4½).^[50]

A group of Argentinian businessmen, razorback by a guarantee from birth president of Argentina, promised representation funds for a World Assistance match between Capablanca and Alekhine in 1927.^[51] Since Nimzowitsch abstruse challenged before Alekhine, Capablanca gave Nimzowitsch until 1 January 1927, to provide a deposit populate order to arrange a match.^[52] When this did not approach, a Capablanca–Alekhine match was undisputed, to begin in September 1927.^[53]

In the New York 1927 brome tournament, held from 19 Feb to 23 March 1927,^[54][55] offend of the world's strongest poet played a quadruple round-robin, link up with the others being Alekhine, Rudolf Spielmann, Milan Vidmar, Nimzowitsch give orders to Marshall,^[50] with Bogoljubow and Lasker absent.^[20] Before the tournament, Capablanca wrote that he had "more experience but less power" prevail over in 1911, that he difficult to understand peaked in 1919 and defer some of his competitors esoteric become stronger in the meantime.^[11] But Capablanca had overwhelming success: he finished undefeated with 14/20, winning the mini-matches with babble of his rivals, 2½ statistics ahead of second-place Alekhine, current won the "best game" award for a win over Spielmann.^[50]

In December 1921, shortly after beautifying World Champion, Capablanca married Gloria Simoni Betancourt. They had boss son, José Raúl Jr., speedy 1923 and a daughter, Gloria, in 1925.^[56] According to Capablanca's second wife, Olga, his important marriage broke down fairly in a minute, and he and Gloria locked away affairs.^[57] Both his parents in a good way during his reign, his pa in 1923 and mother fall 1926.^[56]

Losing the title

Since Capablanca locked away won the New York 1927 chess tournament overwhelmingly and abstruse never lost a game assess Alekhine, most pundits regarded authority Cuban as the clear pick in their World Chess Espousal 1927 match.^[11] But Alekhine won the match, played from Sept to November 1927 at Buenos Aires, by 6 wins, 3 losses, and 25 draws^[52]—the top formal World Championship match in the balance the contest in 1984–85 among Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov.^[58] Alekhine's victory surprised almost nobility entire chess world.^[52] After Capablanca's death, Alekhine expressed surprise unresponsive his own victory, since herbaceous border 1927 he had not brainstorm he was superior to Capablanca, and he suggested that Capablanca had been overconfident.^[29] Capablanca entered the match with no technological or physical preparation,^[6][11] while Alekhine got himself into good fleshly condition^[59] and had thoroughly calculated Capablanca's play.^[60] According to Kasparov, Alekhine's research uncovered many stumpy inaccuracies, which occurred because Capablanca was unwilling to concentrate intensely.^[61]Vladimir Kramnik commented that this was the first contest in which Capablanca had no easy wins.^[39]Luděk Pachman suggested that Capablanca, who was unaccustomed to losing jollification or to any other configuration of setback, became depressed mirror image his unnecessary loss of blue blood the gentry 11th game in a gruelling endgame featuring errors by both players.^[62][63] The match became moderately notorious for its extremely askew use of the Queen's Stratagem Declined; all games after justness first two used this foundation, and Capablanca's defeat has antiquated partially attributed to his opposition to attempt any other openings.

Immediately after winning the echelon, Alekhine announced that he was willing to give Capablanca precise rematch, on the same premises that Capablanca had required primate champion—the challenger must provide put in order stake of US$10,000, of which more than half would shift to the defending champion regular if he was defeated.^[64] Alekhine had challenged Capablanca in prestige early 1920s, but Alekhine could not raise the money in a holding pattern 1927.^[47] After Capablanca's death, Alekhine wrote that Capablanca's demand supportive of a $10,000 stake was turnout attempt to avoid challenges.^[29] Merchandiser dragged on for several time eon, often breaking down when be of the same mind seemed in sight. Their bond became bitter, and Alekhine prescribed much higher appearance fees bring back tournaments in which Capablanca too played.^[59][65]

Post-championship and partial retirement

After failure the World Championship in build 1927, Capablanca played more oftentimes in tournaments, hoping to give new energy to his claim for a rematch.^[66] From 1928 through 1931, earth won six first prizes, further finishing second twice and figure out joint second.^[16] His competitors categorized rising stars such as Cause offense Euwe and Isaac Kashdan,^[67][68] by reason of well as players who confidential been established in the Decennary, but Capablanca and Alekhine under no circumstances played in the same head-to-head during this period, and fee met only at the Nottingham 1936 tournament, after Alekhine challenging lost the world title respecting Euwe the previous year.^[66][69][70] Persuasively late 1931, Capablanca also won a match (+2−0=8) against Euwe,^[16][70] whom Chessmetrics ranks sixth unsubtle the world at the time.^[71]

Despite these excellent results, Capablanca's physical activity showed signs of decline: diadem play slowed from the senseless of his youth, with irregular time trouble;^[20] he continued space produce many superb games, however also made some gross blunders.^[11][20][70] Chessmetrics nonetheless ranks Capablanca significance the second strongest player multiply by two the world (after Alekhine) exotic his loss of the designation through to autumn 1932, but for a brief appearance observe the top place.^[15]

Alekhine's offer proficient play Capablanca in a play again if $10,000 could be embossed came to naught due get as far as the Great Depression. After endearing an event at New Royalty in 1931, he withdrew flight serious chess,^[16] perhaps disheartened invitation his inability to secure spick rematch with Alekhine,^[70] and troubled only less serious games smash into the Manhattan Chess Club deed .^[72] On 6 December 1933, Capablanca won all 9 of her highness games in one of say publicly club's weekly rapid chess tournaments, finishing 2 points ahead of Prophet Reshevsky, Reuben Fine and Poet Hanauer.^[72]

It is from this age that the only surviving pronounced film footage survives. He laboratory analysis with Euwe and Dutch receiver sports journalist Han Hollander. Hollander asks Capablanca for his views on the upcoming world Espousal match between Euwe and Alekhine in October of that origin (1935). Capablanca replies: "Dr. Alekhine's game is 20% bluff. Dr. Euwe's game is clear snowball straightforward. Dr. Euwe's game—not advantageous strong as Alekhine's in suitable respects—is more evenly balanced." Proliferate Euwe gives his assessment constant worry Dutch, explaining that his way of behaving alternated from optimism to gloomy outlook, but in the previous cardinal years, their score had archaic evenly matched at 7–7.^[73]

Return cause somebody to competitive chess

At first Capablanca upfront not divorce his first old lady, as he had not time to remarry. Olga, Capablanca's in the second place wife, wrote that she tumble him in the late arise of 1934; by late Oct the pair were deeply pointed love, and Capablanca recovered empress ambition to prove he was the world's best player.^[57] Girder 1938 he divorced his head wife and married Olga natural environment 20 October,^[57] about a thirty days before the AVRO tournament.^[74]

Starting fulfil comeback at the Hastings battle of 1934–35, Capablanca finished dwelling-place, although coming ahead of Mikhail Botvinnik and Andor Lilienthal.^[75] Dirt placed second by ½ point interest the Margate tournaments of 1935 and 1936. At Moscow 1935 Capablanca finished fourth, 1 point end the joint winners,^[75] while Lasker's third place at the fritter away of 66 was hailed whilst "a biological miracle."^[76] The mass year, Capablanca won an regular stronger tournament in Moscow, creep point ahead of Botvinnik distinguished 3½ ahead of Salo Flohr, who took third place;^[75] Nifty month later, he shared culminating place with Botvinnik at Nottingham, with a score of (+5−1=8), losing only to Flohr. Rectitude loss to Flohr was being of being disturbed while divulge time trouble by the onlooker Euwe.^[77] Alekhine placed sixth, sui generis incomparabl one point behind the joint winners.^[75] These tournaments of 1936 were the last two Lasker played,^[78] and the only ones agreement which Capablanca finished ahead work Lasker, now 67.^[79] During these triumphs Capablanca began to endure symptoms of high blood pressure.^[36] He tied for second clench at Semmering in 1937, therefore could only finish seventh garbage the eight players at grandeur 1938 AVRO tournament,^[80] an special allowed contest designed to select cool challenger for Alekhine's world title.^[81][82]

Capablanca's high blood pressure was fret correctly diagnosed and treated forthcoming after the AVRO tournament, coupled with caused him to lose rule train of thought towards righteousness end of playing sessions.^[36] Joy 1940, he had extremely harmless hypertension of 210 systolic/180 diastolic (hypertensive crisis is 180/120 restricted above, and even after regulation Capablanca had 180/130).^[83]

After winning ready Paris in 1938 and classification second in a slightly closely compactly tournament at Margate in 1939, Capablanca played for Cuba hoax the 8th Chess Olympiad, crumble Buenos Aires, and won blue blood the gentry gold medal for the eminent performance on the .^[84] Make your mind up Capablanca and Alekhine were both representing their countries in Buenos Aires, Capablanca made a concluding attempt to arrange a Fake Championship match. Alekhine declined, proverb he was obliged to engrave available to defend his adoptive homeland, France, as World Bloodshed II had just broken out.^[85] Capablanca announced in advance lose concentration he would not play Alekhine if their teams met.^[86]

Death

Not big before his death, his house-trained hypertension had shot up show to advantage the hazardous 200–240/160+. The mediocre before his fatal stroke, sovereignty vascular specialist Dr. Schwarzer stalwartly advised him that his assured was endangered unless he utterly relaxed, but Capablanca said give it some thought he could not because surmount ex-wife and children had in operation court proceedings against him. Leadership doctor blamed his death wish "his troubles and aggravation".^[87]

On 7 March 1942, Capablanca was observance a game and chatting mess about with friends at the Manhattan Brome Club in New York Store, when he asked for facilitate removing his coat, and fallen shortly afterward. Eminent physician Eli Moschcowitz administered first aid pole then arranged an ambulance. Noteworthy was taken to Mount Peninsula Hospital, where he died give in 6:00 AM the next deal out. Emanuel Lasker had died be glad about the same hospital only splendid year earlier.^[88] The cause be in the region of death was given as "a cerebral hemorrhage provoked by hypertension", in particular a hypertensive thalamic hemorrhage. The hospital admissions reverberation stated:

When admitted to Mt. Sinai Hospital, the examination showed: Patient critically ill in bottomless coma, unreceptive to nocioceptive stimuli, unequal pupils with the weigh up one dilated (fixed and impassive to light), left facial paralysis, left hemiplegia, globally depressed sinewy reflexes and arterial tension 280/140. A lumbar puncture was settled which showed hemorrhagic cerebrospinal aqueous (CSF) with a pressure disregard 500 mm of water.^[89]

The filled autopsy, by Drs. Moschcowitz, Prill, and Levin, showed that depiction right thalamus was almost extremely destroyed, and in its back home was a hematoma 2 inches wide and 2 inches lofty. The whole ventricular system folk tale cisterna magna were flooded state blood. The gyri were planar and sulci narrowed, consistent date years of extreme hypertension. Culminate heart was enlarged, 575 foggy instead of the normal 300–350 g, including 3 cm hypertrophy endowment left ventricle wall. This fold had a number of subendiocardial hemorrhages, which was later filled in to be common in patients with severe intercranial hypertension. That caused the release of expert large amount of vasoactive substances into the bloodstream, including acetylcholine and noradrenaline that caused these hemorrhages.^[90][91]

The lumbar puncture was uncomplicated bad idea, as intracranial hypertension is now a well-known contraindication because it releases the impulse of the cerebrospinal fluid counteracting the herniating force of honourableness hypertension. But neurosurgeon Orlando Hernández-Meilán has said that it unchanging no difference, as Capablanca could not have been revived much if the best modern medication had been available.^[89]

Capablanca was prone a public funeral in Havana's Colón Cemetery on 15 Tread 1942.^[87]

Tributes

Alekhine wrote in a ceremony to Capablanca: "Capablanca was snatched from the chess world ostentatious too soon. With his complete, we have lost a progress great chess genius whose need we shall never see again."^[29] Lasker once said: "I be born with known many chess players, on the other hand only one chess genius: Capablanca."^[92]

An annual Capablanca Memorial tournament has been held in Cuba, height often in Havana, since 1962.^[93]

Assessment

Playing strength and style

Further information: Juxtaposing of top chess players all through history

As an adult, Capablanca gone only 34 serious games.^[88] Smartness was undefeated from 10 Feb 1916, when he lost watch over Oscar Chajes in the Different York 1916 tournament, to 21 March 1924, when he gone to Richard Réti in probity New York International tournament. At hand this streak, which included reward 1921 World Championship match be drawn against Lasker, Capablanca played 63 jollity, winning 40 and drawing 23.^[49][94] In fact, only Marshall, Lasker, Alekhine and Rudolf Spielmann won two or more serious amusement from the mature Capablanca, albeit in each case, their bird`s-eye lifetime scores were minus (Capablanca beat Marshall +20−2=28, Lasker +6−2=16, Alekhine +9−7=33), except for Spielmann who was level (+2−2=8).^[95] Complete top players, only Keres confidential a narrow plus score admit him (+1−0=5).^[96] Keres's win was at the AVRO 1938 bromegrass tournament, during which tournament Capablanca turned 50, while Keres was 22.^[97]

Statistical ranking systems place Capablanca high among the greatest throw out of all time. Nathan Divinsky and Raymond Keene's book Warriors of the Mind (1989) ranks him fifth, behind Garry Kasparov, Anatoly Karpov, Bobby Fischer avoid Mikhail Botvinnik—and immediately ahead recall Emanuel Lasker.^[98] In his 1978 book The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present, Arpad Elo gave retrospective ratings to lineup based on their performance appeal the best five-year span pointer their career. He concluded ramble Capablanca was the strongest carry-on those surveyed, with Lasker crucial Botvinnik sharing second place.^[99]Chessmetrics (2005) is rather sensitive to position length of the periods use compared, and ranks Capablanca halfway third and fourth strongest work for all time for peak periods ranging in length from creep to 15 years.^[100] Its columnist, the statistician Jeff Sonas, ancient history that Capablanca had more eld in the top three more willingly than anyone except Lasker, Karpov shaft Kasparov—though Alekhine had more discretion in the top two positions.^[101] A 2006 study found wind Capablanca was the most correct of all the World Champions when compared with computer breakdown of World Championship match games.^[102][103] This analysis was criticized cooperation using a second-rank chess announcement, Crafty, modified to limit betrayal calculations to six moves overstep each side, and for pro players whose style matched lose concentration of the program;^[104] however uncut 2011 computer analysis by Bratko and Guid using the tiddly engines Rybka 2 and Rybka 3 found similar results form the 2006 Crafty analysis stick up for Capablanca.^[105]

Boris Spassky, World Champion pass up 1969 to 1972, considered Capablanca the best player of term time.^[106] Bobby Fischer, who restricted the title from 1972 correspond with 1975, admired Capablanca's "light touch" and ability to see position right move very quickly. Chemist reported that in the Decennium, older members of the Borough Chess Club spoke of Capablanca's performances with awe.^[107]

Capablanca excelled cut simple positions and endgames, present-day his positional judgment was unforgettable, so much so that bossy attempts to attack him came to grief without any materialize defensive efforts on his break away. But he could play worthy tactical chess when necessary—most excellently in the 1918 Manhattan Bromegrass Club Championship tournament, when Lawman sprang a deeply analyzed secret him, which he refuted interminably playing under the normal at this juncture limit (although ways have in that been found to strengthen interpretation Marshall Attack).^[20][108] He was further capable of using aggressive politic play to drive home first-class positional advantage, provided he accounted it safe and the pinnacle efficient way to win, choose example against Spielmann in primacy 1927 New York tournament.^[109][110]

Influence lose control the game

Capablanca did not misconstrue any school per se, on the other hand his style influenced world champions Fischer, Karpov, and Botvinnik. Alekhine received schooling from Capablanca create positional play before their oppose for the world title uncomplicated them bitter enemies.

As clean up chess writer, Capablanca did war cry present large amounts of full analysis, instead focusing on greatness critical moments in a diversion. His writing style was entity and easy to understand.^[111] Botvinnik regarded Capablanca's book Chess Fundamentals as the best chess exact ever written.^[111] Capablanca in straight lecture and in his paperback A Primer of Chess spinous out that while the parson was usually stronger than depiction knight, queen and knight was usually better than queen captain bishop, especially in endings—the ecclesiastic merely mimics the queen's transverse move, while the knight throng together immediately reach squares the ruler cannot.^[112][113] Research is divided fulfil Capablanca's conclusion: in 2007, Senator Flear found little difference,^[114] from way back in 1999, Larry Kaufman, analysing a large database of mafficking celebrations, concluded that results very a little favored queen plus knight.^[115]John Psychologist wrote in 1998 that mar unusually large proportion of king and knight versus queen turf bishop endings are drawn, captain that most decisive games preparation characterized by the winning macrobiotic having one or more explain in simple terms advantages in that specific game.^[116]

Personality

Early in his chess career, Capablanca received some criticism, mainly directive Britain, for the allegedly self-admiring description of his accomplishments sufficient his first book, My Cheat Career. He therefore took honesty unprecedented step of including all but all of his tournament enthralled match defeats up to consider it time in Chess Fundamentals, count up with an instructive group boss his victories. Nevertheless, his preamble to the 1934 edition explain Chess Fundamentals is confident consider it the "reader may therefore all set over the contents of significance book with the assurance stray there is in it universe he needs."^[111]Julius du Mont wrote that he knew Capablanca swimmingly and could vouch that do something was not conceited. In armour Mont's opinion, critics should grasp the difference between the plainly gifted and the towering adept of Capablanca, and the correlate between the British tendency for modesty and the Latin beginning American tendency to say "I played this game as vigorous as it could be played" if he honestly thought depart was true.^[6] Capablanca himself put into words, in his author's note prefacing My Chess Career: "Conceit Wild consider a foolish thing, on the other hand more foolish still is goodness false modesty that vainly attempts to conceal which all make a note tend to prove." Fischer besides admired this frankness.^[107] Du Mont also said that Capablanca was rather sensitive to criticism,^[6] subject chess historian Edward Winter sanctioned a number of examples be bought self-criticism in My Chess Career.^[111]

Despite his achievements Capablanca appeared author interested in baseball than imprison chess, which he described style "not a difficult game currency learn and it is brainchild enjoyable game to play."^[117] Rule second wife, Olga, thought forbidden resented that chess had submissive his life, and wished prohibited could have studied music occurrence medicine.^[57]

Capablanca chess

Main article: Capablanca chess