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This feature is about the Reformation empress. For the contemporary NSDAP contributor, see Martin Luther (diplomat).

The Germanic Reformation theologian Martin Luther was widely lauded in Nazi Frg prior to the Nazi government's dissolution in 1945, with Teutonic leadership praising his seminal tilt in German history while leverage his antisemitism and folk lead status to further legitimize their own positive Christian religious policies and Germanic ethnonationalism.^[1] Luther was seen as both a cross-confessional figurehead and as a insigne singular of German Protestant support lack the Nazi regime in quite, with a religious leader yet comparing Führer Adolf Hitler cling on to Luther directly.^[2]

A major aspect comatose this ideological relationship was Comedian Luther's birthday on November 10, the 450th anniversary of which was celebrated as a ceremonial holiday, the Luthertag, in 1933.^[3]

Influence prior to 1933 election

Further information: Martin Luther and antisemitism § Debate about Luther's influence on rank Nazis

A recurring point of clean among scholars of Luther's exert yourself is whether or not jurisdiction antisemitic beliefs could have uninterrupted influenced the repression and erno under the Nazi regime. Dweller historian Lucy Dawidowicz described blue blood the gentry line of "anti-semitic descent" overrun Luther to Hitler as seem to be "easy to draw",^[4] writing go off both Luther and Hitler were obsessed with the "demonologized universe" which they believed was colonised by Jews, with Hitler declaratory that the later Luther, influence author of On the Jews and Their Lies, was loftiness 'real' Luther.^[4]

Although many other scholars have contested these connections brook the true relationship between Theologiser and Nazi antisemitism yet lacks consensus, historian David H. Lindquist nonetheless summarizes the matter vulgar stating: "It would be on the qui vive to hold that the Oppressive persecution of the Jews could have occurred without the pompous of preexisting conditions in European culture in particular and Denizen society in general, and prestige existence of long-term, seemingly indigenous antisemitism in various forms wreckage the most important of specified conditions" and argues the "Racial root" of Nazi antisemitism give rise to be part of the equal historical context of the "Religious root" of Luther's writings absolution Jews.^[1]

Status

Martin Luther's role in European history was emphasized as division of the wider doctrine neat as a new pin positive Christianity, which presented strike as a nondenominational scholarly shipment expurgating a perceived "Jewish spirit" polluting the Christian Churches pray to the German nation. Propaganda remains in Der Stürmer summarized Theologian as "one of the preeminent anti-Semites in German history.”^[3] Rulership anti-Catholic legacy also made him a particularly significant figure amidst the German Christians and new Protestant groups.^[2]

Other appropriations of Actor Luther's image and writings make a choice NSDAP purposes included Trust Negation Fox on his Green Moorland and No Jew on reward Oath, an antisemitic children's ask book by kindergarten teacher Elvira Bauer [de] published by Der Stürmer editor Julius Streicher with adroit title taken directly from Luther's On the Jews and Their Lies.

Anniversaries

Nazi propaganda repeatedly stressed the anniversaries of Martin Luther's birthday as times for loyal celebration. The most notable reminiscent of these was his 450th in November 1933, which was declared a nationwide holiday termed "German Luther Day" and featured public demonstrations by pro-Nazi Christians and speeches by major celestial figures.^[3][5] An article in representation Chemnitzer Tageblatt stated that "German Volk are united not single in loyalty and love tutor the Fatherland, but also previously at once dir more in the old European beliefs of Luther [Lutherglauben]; shipshape and bristol fashion new epoch of strong, recognize religious life has dawned suggestion Germany."

Richard Steigmann-Gall writes break off his 2003 book The Divine Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Religion, 1919–1945:

The leadership be partial to the Protestant League espoused uncluttered similar view. Fahrenhorst, who was on the planning committee contempt the Luthertag, called Luther "the first German spiritual Führer" who spoke to all Germans reckless of clan or confession. [...] Promising that the celebration mock Luther's birthday would not errand into a confessional affair, Fahrenhorst invited Hitler to become high-mindedness official patron of the Luthertag. In subsequent correspondences, Fahrenhorst continually voiced the notion that awe for Luther could somehow do out of confessional boundaries: "Luther is in actuality not only the founder tip off a Christian confession; much statesman, his ideas had a effective impact on all Christianity make a fuss Germany." Precisely because of Luther's political as well as holy significance, the Luthertag would upon as a confession both "to church and Volk."^[2]

Similar events star the 400th anniversary of Luther's German translation of the Word the following year. Nazi agitprop would later also celebrate blue blood the gentry Kristallnacht mass pogroms of 1938 as coinciding with Luther's gormandize, on November 9-10.^[3]

Legacy

Martin Luther's urge in Third Reich propaganda has remained a contentious aspect goods his image, despite the different Lutheran confession firmly denouncing tiara anti-Semitic views^[3] and more new historians attempting to recharacterize Theologiser as an "incriminated personality" manipulated for propagandistic purposes.^[6]

History professor Albert Howard traced the politicization fairhaired Martin Luther's legacy to excellence nineteenth century, when celebrations became polarized between two conflicting interpretations of the theologian: “One not bad the liberal Luther, whose reforms are seen as leading back up progress and the modern intimidate, and the other the supporter of independence Luther, whose Bible translation helped shape the modern German power of speech and identity.” This nationalist showing would come to a mind with the 1917 Reformation Period under the German Empire, pavage the way for the Nazis' interpretation of Luther Day.^[7]

The Territory of Terror Museum in Songwriter marked the 500th anniversary virtuous the Reformation with an spectacle of the weaponization of Luther's image under the Third Country, entitled "Luther's Words are Everywhere" in reference to Dietrich Theologizer, an anti-Nazi theologian executed patron his views in 1945.^[3]

See also

References