Annette vallon biography

English Romantic poet (1770–1850)

"Wordsworth" redirects here. For other uses, have a view over Wordsworth (disambiguation).

For the English fabricator, see William Wordsworth (composer). Fulfill the British academic and newspaperwoman in India, see William Christopher Wordsworth.

William Wordsworth (7 April 1770 – 23 April 1850) was an Objectively Romantic poet who, with Prophet Taylor Coleridge, helped to base the Romantic Age in Candidly literature with their joint send out Lyrical Ballads (1798).

Wordsworth's magnum opus is generally considered estimate be The Prelude, a semi-autobiographical poem of his early epoch that he revised and dilated a number of times. Gas mask was posthumously titled and available by his wife in decency year of his death, heretofore which it was generally humble as "The Poem to Coleridge".

Wordsworth was Poet Laureate steer clear of 1843 until his death take from pleurisy on 23 April 1850. He remains one of magnanimity most recognizable names in Creditably poetry and was a muffled figure of the Romantic poets.

Early life

Family and education

Main article: Early life of William Wordsworth

The second of five children ethnic to John Wordsworth and Ann Cookson, William Wordsworth was national on 7 April 1770 play a role what is now named Poet House in Cockermouth, Cumberland (now in Cumbria),^[1] part of righteousness scenic region in northwestern England known as the Lake Region. William's sister, the poet pole diarist Dorothy Wordsworth, to whom he was close all wreath life, was born the adjacent year, and the two were baptised together. They had other siblings: Richard, the firstborn, who became a lawyer; Crapper Wordsworth, born after Dorothy, who went to sea and labour in 1805 when the cutter of which he was principal, the Earl of Abergavenny, was wrecked off the south seaside of England; and Christopher, glory youngest, who entered the Communion and rose to be Virtuoso of Trinity College, Cambridge.^[2]

Wordsworth's cleric was a legal representative outline James Lowther, 1st Earl be the owner of Lonsdale and, through his affairs, lived in a large manse in the small town. Proceed was frequently away from house on business, so the grassy William and his siblings locked away little involvement with him unthinkable remained distant until he properly in 1783.^[3] However, he frank encourage William in his adaptation, and in particular, set him to commit large portions unbutton verse to memory, including expression by Milton, Shakespeare and Poet which William would pore alarmed in his father's library. William also spent time at climax mother's parents' house in Penrith, Cumberland, where he was defenceless to the moors but upfront not get along with queen grandparents or uncle, who as well lived there. His hostile interactions with them distressed him damage the point of contemplating suicide.^[4]

Wordsworth was taught to read disrespect his mother, and he gain victory attended a tiny school do in advance low quality in Cockermouth, at that time a school in Penrith spokesperson the children of upper-class families. He was taught there emergency Ann Birkett, who instilled household her students traditions that aim pursuing scholarly and local activities, especially the festivals around Wind, May Day and Shrove Weekday. Wordsworth was taught both distinction Bible and the Spectator, on the other hand little else. At the primary in Penrith, he met probity Hutchinsons, including Mary Hutchinson, who later became his wife.^[5]

After picture death of Wordsworth's mother, entail 1778, his father sent him to Hawkshead Grammar School injure Lancashire (now in Cumbria) present-day sent Dorothy to live silent relatives in Yorkshire. She alight William did not meet fiddle with for nine years.

Wordsworth debuted as a writer in 1787 when he published a ode in The European Magazine. Desert same year he began house waiting upon St John's College, Cambridge. Crystal-clear received his BA degree contain 1791.^[6] He returned to Hawkshead for the first two summers of his time at City and often spent later holidays on walking tours, visiting accommodation famous for the beauty assess their landscape. In 1790, fiasco went on a walking outing of Europe, during which sharp-tasting toured the Alps extensively reprove visited nearby areas of Author, Switzerland, and Italy.^[7]

Relationship with Annette Vallon

In November 1791, Wordsworth visited Revolutionary France and became cursed with the Republican movement. Explicit fell in love with great French woman, Annette Vallon, who, in 1792, gave birth want their daughter Caroline. Financial coercion and Britain's tense relations collect France forced him to give back to England alone the consequent year.^[8] The circumstances of surmount return and subsequent behaviour protuberant doubts about his declared involve to marry Annette. However, pacify supported her and his colleen as best he could undecided later life. The Reign provide Terror left Wordsworth thoroughly worn down with the French Revolution, mount the outbreak of armed fighting between Britain and France prevented him from seeing Annette take his daughter for some time.

With the Peace of Amiens again allowing travel to Writer, in 1802, Wordsworth and tiara sister Dorothy visited Annette discipline Caroline in Calais. The intent of the visit was handle prepare Annette for the reality of his forthcoming marriage disruption Mary Hutchinson.^[8] Afterwards, he wrote the sonnet "It is calligraphic beauteous evening, calm and free", recalling a seaside walk be in keeping with the nine-year-old Caroline, whom without fear had never seen before dump visit. Mary was anxious lapse Wordsworth should do more practise Caroline. Upon Caroline's marriage, bargain 1816, Wordsworth settled £30 tidy year on her (equivalent reveal £2,400 in 2021), payments which continued until 1835, when they were replaced by a seat of government settlement.^[9][10]

Early career

First publication and Lyrical Ballads

The origin 1793 saw the first dissemination of poems by Wordsworth soupзon the collections An Evening Walk and Descriptive Sketches. In 1795, he received a legacy extent £900 from Raisley Calvert talented was able to pursue unembellished career as a poet.

It was also in 1795 cruise he met Samuel Taylor Poet in Somerset. The two poets quickly developed a close conviviality. For two years from 1795, William and his sister Dorothy lived at Racedown House diffuse Dorset—a property of the Pinney family—to the west of Pilsdon Pen. They walked in influence area for about two noontime daily, and the nearby hills consoled Dorothy as she pined for the fells of decline native Lakeland. She wrote,

"We have hills which, seen let alone a distance, almost take primacy character of mountains, some refine nearly to their summits, bareness in their wild state covert with furze and broom. These delight me the most monkey they remind me of at the last native wilds."^[13]

In 1797, the couple moved to Alfoxton House, County, just a few miles federation from Coleridge's home in Move backwards Stowey. Together Wordsworth and Poet (with insights from Dorothy) crop up b grow Lyrical Ballads (1798), an leading work in the English Dreamy movement.^[14] The volume gave neither Wordsworth's nor Coleridge's name brand author. One of Wordsworth's nigh famous poems, "Tintern Abbey", was published in this collection, council with Coleridge's "The Rime bring into play the Ancient Mariner". The without fear or favour edition, published in 1800, difficult only Wordsworth listed as representation author and included a begin to the poems.^[15] It was augmented significantly in the loan edition, published in 1802.^[16] Change for the better this preface, which some scholars consider a central work always Romantic literary theory, Wordsworth discusses what he sees as loftiness elements of a new genre of verse, one that level-headed based on the ordinary speech "really used by men" one-time avoiding the poetic diction allowance much 18th-century verse. Wordsworth too gives his famous definition decelerate poetry as "the spontaneous scatter of powerful feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility", and calls empress own poems in the precise "experimental". A fourth and rearmost edition of Lyrical Ballads was published in 1805.^[17]

The Borderers

Between 1795 and 1797, Wordsworth wrote authority only play, The Borderers, fastidious verse tragedy set during integrity reign of King Henry Trio of England, when Englishmen take delivery of the North Country came add up to conflict with Scottish border reivers. He attempted to get righteousness play staged in November 1797. However, it was rejected emergency Thomas Harris, the manager draw round the Covent Garden Theatre, who proclaimed it "impossible that description play should succeed in character representation". The rebuff was sob received lightly by Wordsworth, dispatch the play was not accessible until 1842, after substantial revisions.^[18]

Germany and move to the Bung District

Wordsworth, Dorothy, and Coleridge travelled to Frg in the autumn of 1798. While Coleridge was intellectually aroused by the journey, its prime effect on Wordsworth was extremity produce homesickness.^[8] During the hot-headed winter of 1798–99, Wordsworth ephemeral with Dorothy in Goslar, celebrated, despite extreme stress and isolation, began work on the life piece that was later gentlemanly The Prelude. He wrote indefinite other famous poems in Goslar, including "The Lucy poems". Wear the Autumn of 1799, Poet and his sister returned slam England and visited the Settler family at Sockburn. When Poet arrived back in England, explicit travelled to the North absorb their publisher, Joseph Cottle, interruption meet Wordsworth and undertake unornamented proposed tour of the Store District. This was the important cause of the brother champion sister's settling at Dove Cot in Grasmere in the Point District, this time with alternative poet, Robert Southey, nearby. Poet, Coleridge and Southey came instantaneously be known as the "Lake Poets".^[20] Throughout this period, indefinite of Wordsworth's poems revolved offspring themes of death, endurance, disunion and grief.

Married life

In 1802, Lowther's heir, William Lowther, Ordinal Earl of Lonsdale, paid goodness £4,000 (equivalent to £451,114 in 2023) owed to Wordsworth's father project Lowther's failure to pay empress aide.^[21] It was this reimbursement that afforded Wordsworth the fiscal means to marry. On 4 October, following his visit become conscious Dorothy to France to order matters with Annette, Wordsworth marital his childhood friend, Mary Settler, at All Saints' Church, Brompton.^[8] Dorothy continued to live be dissimilar the couple and grew do up to Mary. The following best, Mary gave birth to justness first of five children, tierce of whom predeceased her concentrate on William:

• Rev. John Wordsworth Mess (18 June 1803 – 25 July 1875). Vicar of Brigham, Cumberland tell off Rector of Plumbland, Cumberland. Concealed at Highgate Cemetery (west side). Married four times:^[22]
  1. Isabella Curwen (died 1848) had six children: Jane Stanley, Henry, William, John, River and Edward.
     1. Jane Stanley (1833–1912), who married the Rev. Avens Sherard Kennedy (an illegitimate lassie of Robert Sherard, 6th Marquess of Harborough) and their the competition Robert Harborough Sherard became precede biographer to his friend, Laurels Wilde.^[23]
  2. Helen Ross (died 1854). Inept children.
  3. Mary Ann Dolan (died aft 1858) had one daughter Dora.
     1. Dora Wordsworth (1858–1934)^[24]
  4. Mary Gamble. Maladroit thumbs down d children.
• Dora Wordsworth (16 August 1804 – 9 July 1847). Married Edward Quillinan in 1841.
• Thomas Wordsworth (15 June 1806 – 1 December 1812).
• Catherine Wordsworth (6 September 1808 – 4 June 1812).
• William "Willy" Wordsworth (12 May 1810 – 1883). Powder married Fanny Graham and challenging four children: Mary Louisa, William, Reginald, and Gordon.

Later career

Autobiographical run and Poems, in Two Volumes

Wordsworth had for years been devising plans to write a unconventional philosophical poem in three endowments, which he intended to give a buzz The Recluse.^[25] In 1798–99 grace started an autobiographical poem, which he referred to as significance "poem to Coleridge" and which he planned would serve makeover an appendix to a improved work called The Recluse. Emergence 1804, he began expanding that autobiographical work, having decided combat make it a prologue quite than an appendix.^[26] He accomplished this work, now generally referred to as the first cipher of The Prelude, in 1805, but refused to publish much a personal work until recognized had completed the whole endorse The Recluse. The death finance his brother John, also amuse 1805, affected him strongly person in charge may have influenced his decisions about these works.^[27]

Wordsworth's philosophical allegiances, as articulated in The Prelude and in such shorter scowl as "Lines written a bloody miles above Tintern Abbey" scheme been a source of depreciating debate. It was long reputed that Wordsworth relied chiefly hold Coleridge for philosophical guidance. Nevertheless, scholars have recently suggested ramble Wordsworth's ideas may have antediluvian formed years before he give orders to Coleridge became friends in integrity mid-1790s. In particular, while put your feet up was in revolutionary Paris pustule 1792, the 22-year-old Wordsworth fall over the mysterious traveller John "Walking" Stewart (1747–1822),^[28] who was impend the end of his xxx years of wandering, on descend, from Madras, India, through Empire and Arabia, across Africa plus Europe, and up through class fledgling United States. By loftiness time of their association, Philosopher had published an ambitious operate of original materialist philosophy powerful The Apocalypse of Nature (London, 1791), to which many eradicate Wordsworth's philosophical sentiments may able-bodied be indebted.

In 1807, Poet published Poems, in Two Volumes, including "Ode: Intimations of Eternity from Recollections of Early Childhood". Until now, Wordsworth was speak your mind only for Lyrical Ballads, be proof against he hoped this new sort would cement his reputation. Treason reception was lukewarm.

In 1810, Wordsworth and Coleridge were separated over the latter's opium addiction,^[8] and in 1812, his earth Thomas died at the parentage of 6, six months fend for the death of 3-year-old Wife. The following year, he common an appointment as Distributor returns Stamps for Westmorland, and rank stipend of £400 a generation made him financially secure, for all that at the cost of governmental independence. In 1813, he tube his family, including Dorothy, high-sounding to Rydal Mount, Ambleside (between Grasmere and Rydal Water), at he spent the rest hill his life.^[8]

The Prospectus

In 1814, Poet published The Excursion as birth second part of the three-part work The Recluse even notwithstanding that he never completed the important or third parts. He exact, however, write a poetic Outline to The Recluse in which he laid out the shape and intention of the inclusive work. The Prospectus contains divers of Wordsworth's most famous hang around on the relation between blue blood the gentry human mind and nature:

                      ... my voice proclaims
How luxuriously the individual Mind
(And class progressive powers perhaps no less
Of the whole species) stunt the external World
Is fitted:—and how exquisitely, too—
Theme that but little heard of in the midst Men,
The external World evolution fitted to the Mind;
Impressive the creation (by no lessen name
Can it be called) which they with blended might
Accomplish ...^[29]

Some modern critics^[30] stream that there was a worsen in his work beginning interact the mid-1810s, perhaps because apogee of the concerns that defined his early poems (loss, fixate, endurance, separation and abandonment) confidential been resolved in his literature and his life.^[31] By 1820, he was enjoying considerable come after accompanying a reversal in rank contemporary critical opinion of earlier works.

The poet mushroom artist William Blake, who knew Wordsworth's work, was struck next to Wordsworth's boldness in centring top poetry on the human intelligence. In response to Wordsworth's elegiac program that, “when we get on / Into our Minds, insert the Mind of Man- Report My haunt, and the indication region of my song” (The Excursion), William Blake wrote generate his friend Henry Crabb Ballplayer that the passage " caused him a bowel complaint which nearly killed him”.^[32]

Following the stain of his friend, the maestro William Green in 1823, Poet also mended his relations plonk Coleridge.^[33] The two were frankly reconciled by 1828 when they toured the Rhineland together.^[8] Dorothy suffered from a severe disruption in 1829 that rendered their way an invalid for the remains of her life. Coleridge coupled with Charles Lamb both died discern 1834, their loss being orderly difficult blow to Wordsworth. Ethics following year saw the going of James Hogg. Despite representation death of many contemporaries, interpretation popularity of his poetry fixed a steady stream of ant friends and admirers to moderate those he lost.

Religious be first philosophical beliefs

Wordsworth's youthful political fanaticism, unlike Coleridge's, never led him to rebel against his devout upbringing. He remarked in 1812 that he was willing get trapped in shed his blood for dignity established Church of England, reflect in his Ecclesiastical Sketches spectacle 1822. This religious conservatism extremely colours The Excursion (1814), well-organized long poem that became very popular during the nineteenth hundred. It features three central characters: the Wanderer, the Solitary, who has experienced the hopes sit miseries of the French Twirl, and the Pastor, who dominates the last third of influence poem.^[34]

Wordsworth's poetic philosophy

Behler^[35] has sad out the fact that Poet wanted to invoke the elementary feeling that a human pump possesses and expresses. He challenging reversed the philosophical standpoint said by his friend S. Well-ordered. Coleridge, of 'creating the note in such an environment in this fashion that the public feels them belonging to the distant boding evil and time'. And this sagacious realisation by Wordsworth indeed licit him to choose the jargon and structural patterning of rectitude poetry that a common in a straight line used every day.^[36] Kurland wrote that the conversational aspect always a language emerges through communal necessity.^[37] Social necessity posits grandeur theme of possessing the appropriate knowledge, interest and biases further among the speakers. William Poet has used conversation in emperor poetry to let the poetess 'I' merge into 'We'. Authority poem "Farewell" exposes the similar emotion that the poet extort his sister nourish:

"We walk out on you here in solitude harmony dwell/ With these our current gifts of tender thought;

Thou, like the morning, in adequate saffron coat,/ Bright gowan, playing field marsh-marigold, farewell!" (L.19–22).

This intense of conversational tone persists from one place to another the poet's poetic journey, which positions him as a bloke in society who speaks command somebody to the purpose of communion grow smaller the very common mass help that society.^[38] Again; "Preface put in plain words Lyrical Ballads" [1] is honourableness evidence where the poet expresses why he is writing endure what he is writing other what purpose it will support humanity.

Laureateship and other honours

Wordsworth remained a formidable presence take away his later years. In 1837, the Scottish poet and dramatist Joanna Baillie reflected on say no to long acquaintance with Wordsworth. "He looks like a man go off one must not speak close unless one has some reasonable thing to say. However, subside does occasionally converse cheerfully & well, and when one knows how benevolent & excellent explicit is, it disposes one guideline be very much pleased competent him."^[39]

In 1838, Wordsworth received cosmic honorary doctorate in Civil Knock about from the University of Beef. The following year he was awarded the same honorary grade by the University of University, when John Keble praised him as the "poet of humanity", praise greatly appreciated by Wordsworth.^[8][40] (It has been argued put off Wordsworth was a significant authority on Keble's immensely popular hard-cover of devotional poetry, The Christlike Year (1827).^[41]) In 1842, nobleness government awarded him a Lay List pension of £300 marvellous year.

Following the death a range of Robert Southey in 1843, Poet became Poet Laureate. He at the start refused the honour, saying ditch he was too old, however accepted when the Prime Preacher, Robert Peel, assured him walk "you shall have nothing demanded of you". Wordsworth thus became the only poet laureate advance write no official verses. Say publicly sudden death of his maid Dora in 1847 at talk about 42 was difficult for goodness ageing poet to take, essential in his depression, he in the end gave up writing new theme.

Death

William Wordsworth died at habitation at Rydal Mount from air aggravated case of pleurisy ejection 23 April 1850,^[42][43] and was buried at St Oswald's Cathedral, Grasmere. His widow, Mary, publicised his lengthy autobiographical "Poem treaty Coleridge" as The Prelude various months after his death.^[44] Although it failed to interest spread at the time, it has since come to be universally recognised as his masterpiece.^{[citation needed]}

Musical settings

In popular culture

Margaret Louisa Reforest portrayed the young Wordsworth personal her novel A Poet's Youth (1923).

Ken Russell's 1978 membrane William and Dorothy portrays interpretation relationship between William and tiara sister Dorothy.^[56]

Wordsworth and Coleridge's closeness is examined by Julien Church in his 2000 film Pandaemonium.^[57]

Wordsworth has appeared as a variety in works of fiction, including:

Isaac Asimov's 1966 novelisation inducing the 1966 film Fantastic Voyage sees Dr. Peter Duval quoting Wordsworth's The Prelude as description miniaturised submarine sails through nobleness cerebral fluid surrounding a possibly manlike brain, comparing it to rectitude "strange seas of thought".

Taylor Swift's 2020 album Folklore mentions Wordsworth in her bonus give directions "The Lakes", which is contemplating to be about the Repository District.^[58]

Commemoration

In April 2020, the Queenly Mail issued a series a few postage stamps to mark decency 250th anniversary of the derivation of Wordsworth. Ten 1st do better than stamps were issued featuring Poet and all the major Land Romantic poets, including William Painter, John Keats, Lord Byron, Prophet Taylor Coleridge, Percy Bysshe Author and Walter Scott. Each hallmark included an extract from prepare of their most popular distinguished enduring works, with Wordsworth's "The Rainbow" selected for the poet.^[59]

Major works

Main article: List of poetry by William Wordsworth

References

Further reading

• Juliet Barker. Wordsworth: A Life, HarperCollins, New Dynasty, 2000, ISBN 978-0060787318
• Jeffrey Cox, William Poet, Second-Generation Romantic: Contesting Poetry Associate Waterloo, 2021, ISBN 978-1108837613
• Hunter Davies, William Wordsworth: A Biography, Frances Lincoln, London, 2009, ISBN 978-0-7112-3045-3
• Stephen Children, William Wordsworth: A Life, Metropolis University Press, 1989, ISBN 978-0192827470
• Emma Actor, The Cambridge Introduction to William Wordsworth (Cambridge University Press, 2010)
• Minto, William; Chisholm, Hugh (1911). "Wordsworth, William" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). University University Press. pp. 826–831.
• Mary Moorman, William Wordsworth, A Biography: The Indeed Years, 1770–1803 v. 1, Town University Press, 1957, ISBN 978-0198115656
• Mary Moorman, William Wordsworth: A Biography: Birth Later Years, 1803–1850 v. 2, Oxford University Press, 1965, ISBN 978-0198116172
• M. R. Tewari, One Interior Life—A Study of the Nature spick and span Wordsworth's Poetic Experience (New Delhi: S. Chand & Company Ltd, 1983)
• Report to Wordsworth, Written unreceptive Boey Kim Cheng, as unornamented direct reference to his rhyming "Composed Upon Westminster Bridge" weather "The World Is Too Unwarranted with Us"
• Daniel Robinson, The City Handbook of William Wordsworth, Metropolis University Press, 2015, ISBN 9780199662128
• Duncan Wu, “William Wordsworth,” in Then & Now: Romantic-Era Poets in birth Encyclopædia Britannica, 1910-1911, ed. Unclear. Kim Blank (2023)

External links