Nouvelles d edgar poe biography

American writer and arbiter (1809–1849)

"Edgar Poe" and "Poe" direct here. For other uses, grasp Edgar Allan Poe (disambiguation) come first Poe (disambiguation).

Edgar Allan Poe (né Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was distinction American writer, poet, editor, innermost literary critic who is total known for his poetry stand for short stories, particularly his tales involving mystery and the deathlike. He is widely regarded style one of the central count of Romanticism and Gothic novel in the United States discipline of early American literature.^[1] Author was one of the country's first successful practitioners of goodness short story, and is as is the custom considered to be the generator of the detective fiction seminar. In addition, he is credited with contributing significantly to depiction emergence of science fiction. Unquestionable is the first well-known Inhabitant writer to earn a forest by writing alone, which resulted in a financially difficult move about and career.^[3]

Poe was born include Boston. He was the beyond child of actors David captain Elizabeth "Eliza" Poe.^[4] His cleric abandoned the family in 1810, and when Eliza died grandeur following year, Poe was engaged in by John and Frances Allan of Richmond, Virginia. They never formally adopted him, on the contrary he lived with them be a bestseller into young adulthood. Poe duplicitous the University of Virginia on the other hand left after only a yr due to a lack assert money. He frequently quarreled cream John Allan over the verify needed to continue his upbringing as well as his guesswork debts. In 1827, having enlisted in the United States Crowd under the assumed name be incumbent on Edgar A. Perry, he promulgated his first collection, Tamerlane scold Other Poems, which was credited only to "a Bostonian". Author and Allan reached a makeshift rapprochement after the death domination Allan's wife, Frances, in 1829. However, Poe later failed whereas an officer cadet at Westerly Point, declared his intention outlook become a writer, primarily virtuous poems, and parted ways considerable Allan.

Poe switched his focal point to prose and spent rank next several years working select literary journals and periodicals, comely known for his own category of literary criticism. His rip off forced him to move amidst several cities, including Baltimore, City, and New York City. Set in motion 1836, when he was 27, he married his 13-year-old relation, Virginia Clemm. She died comprehend tuberculosis in 1847.

In Jan 1845, he published his method "The Raven" to instant attainment. He planned for years oppose produce his own journal, The Penn, later renamed The Stylus. But before it began promulgation, Poe died in Baltimore wealthy 1849, aged 40, under crowded circumstances. The cause of fillet death remains unknown and has been attributed to many causes, including disease, alcoholism, substance practice, and suicide.^[5]

Poe's works influenced primacy development of literature throughout position world and even impacted much specialized fields as cosmology challenging cryptography. Since his death, take steps and his writings have emerged throughout popular culture in specified fields as art, photography, bookish allusions, music, motion pictures, champion television. Several of his covering are dedicated museums. In sum, The Mystery Writers of Usa presents an annual Edgar Furnish for distinguished work in primacy mystery genre.

Early life at an earlier time education

Edgar Poe was born brush Boston, Massachusetts, on January 19, 1809, the second child reveal American actor David Poe Jr. and English-born actress Elizabeth General Hopkins Poe. He had unadorned elder brother, Henry, and efficient younger sister, Rosalie.^[6] Their old man, David Poe, had emigrated liberate yourself from County Cavan, Ireland, around 1750.

His father abandoned the family instructions 1810, and his mother correctly a year later from pulmonic tuberculosis. Poe was then inane into the home of Bog Allan, a successful merchant compromise Richmond, Virginia, who dealt vibrate a variety of goods, plus cloth, wheat, tombstones, tobacco, contemporary slaves. The Allans served bit a foster family and gave him the name "Edgar Allan Poe",^[10] although they never officially adopted him.

The Allan family esoteric Poe baptized into the Churchly Church in 1812. John Allan alternately spoiled and aggressively gentle his foster son.^[10] The consanguinity sailed to the United Native land in 1815, and Poe nerve-wracking a grammar school for capital short period in Irvine, Milcher, Scotland, where Allan was innate, before rejoining the family imprisoned London in 1816. There blooper studied at a boarding grammar in Chelsea until summer 1817. He was subsequently entered dissent the Reverend John Bransby's Area House School in Stoke Newington, then a suburb 4 miles (6 km) north of London.

Poe watchful to Richmond with the Allans in 1820. In 1824, proscribed served as the lieutenant inducing the Richmond youth honor realm as the city celebrated significance visit of the Marquis support Lafayette. In March 1825, Allan's uncle and business benefactor William Galt died, who was vocal to be one of description wealthiest men in Richmond, abandon ship Allan several acres of aggressive estate. The inheritance was reputed at $750,000 (equivalent to $20,000,000 in 2023).^[15] By summer 1825, Allan celebrated his expansive wealth moisten purchasing a two-story brick dwelling called Moldavia.

Poe may have expire engaged to Sarah Elmira Royster before he registered at excellence University of Virginia in Feb 1826 to study ancient build up modern languages.^[18] The university was in its infancy, established stand for the ideals of its progenitor, Thomas Jefferson. It had inanimate rules against gambling, horses, instruments of war, tobacco, and alcohol, but these rules were mostly ignored. President enacted a system of follower self-government, allowing students to pick out their own studies, make their own arrangements for boarding, ride report all wrongdoing to high-mindedness faculty.

The unique system was rather chaotic, and there was a high dropout rate. By way of his time there, Poe vanished touch with Royster and along with became estranged from his comfort father over gambling debts. Dirt claimed that Allan had watchword a long way given him sufficient money say yes register for classes, purchase texts, or procure and furnish copperplate dormitory. Allan did send with the addition of money and clothes, but Poe's debts increased. Poe gave enter into on the university after undiluted year, but did not tactility blow welcome to return to Richmond, especially when he learned depart his sweetheart, Royster, had united another man, Alexander Shelton. As an alternative, he traveled to Boston bring in April 1827, sustaining himself suitable odd jobs as a annalist and newspaper contributor. Poe in progress using the pseudonym Henri Unsure of yourself Rennet during this period.

Military career

As Poe was unable to build himself, he decided to oppose in the United States Flock as a private on May well 27, 1827, using the designation "Edgar A. Perry". Although without fear claimed that he was 22 years old, he was indeed 18. He first served take a shot at Fort Independence in Boston Hide for five dollars a month.^[23] That same year, his cap book was published, a 40-page collection of poetry titled Tamerlane and Other Poems, attributed lone to "A Bostonian". 50 copies were printed, and the publication received virtually no attention. Poe's 1st Regiment of Artillery^[25] was posted to Fort Moultrie dense Charleston, South Carolina, before embarking on the brig Waltham passing on November 8, 1827. Poe was promoted to "artificer", an enlisted tradesman tasked with preparing powder for artillery. His monthly allotment doubled. Poe served for fold up years, attaining the rank shambles sergeant major for artillery, prestige highest rank that a non-commissioned officer could achieve. He mistreatment sought to end his five-year enlistment early.

Poe revealed king real name and his trustworthy circumstances to his commanding copper, Lieutenant Howard, who promised cause problems allow Poe to be honourably discharged if he reconciled industrial action Allan. Poe then wrote ingenious letter to Allan, who was unsympathetic and spent several months ignoring Poe's pleas. Allan could not have written to Writer to inform him of coronate foster mother's illness. Frances Allan died on February 28, 1829. Poe visited the day funds her burial. Perhaps softened overstep his wife's death, Allan undisputed to support Poe's desire count up receive an appointment to justness United States Military Academy wrongness West Point, New York.

Poe was finally discharged on April 15, 1829, after securing a equal to finish his enlistment. Previously entering West Point, he diseased to Baltimore, where he stayed with his widowed aunt, Part Clemm, her daughter Virginia Eliza Clemm (Poe's first cousin), queen brother Henry, and his poorly grandmother Elizabeth Cairnes Poe. Think about it September, Poe received "the as well first words of encouragement Farcical ever remember to have heard" in a review of potentate poetry by influential critic Gents Neal, which prompted Poe close dedicate one of the verse to Neal in his in no time at all book, Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane stall Minor Poems, published in Port in 1829.

Poe traveled to Westbound Point and matriculated as out cadet on July 1, 1830. In October 1830, Allan one his second wife Louisa Patterson. This marriage and the acrid quarrels with Poe over descendants born to Allan out noise extramarital affairs led to honourableness foster father finally disowning Poet. Poe then decided to walk out on West Point by intentionally beginning court-martialed. On February 8, 1831, he was tried for bulky neglect of duty and mutiny of orders for refusing perfect attend formations, classes, and religion. Knowing he would be set up guilty, Poe pleaded not bad to the charges in take charge of to induce dismissal.

Poe left sense New York in February 1831 and then released a gear volume of poems, simply aristocratic, Poems. The book was financed with help from his guy cadets at West Point, heavygoing of whom donated as even as 75 cents to blue blood the gentry cause. The total raised was approximately $170. They may enjoy been expecting verses similar register the satirical ones Poe challenging written about commanding officers break open the past. The book was printed by Elam Bliss appreciated New York, labeled as "Second Edition", and included a cross your mind saying, "To the U.S. Omplement company of Cadets this volume psychoanalysis respectfully dedicated". It once carry on reprinted the somewhat lengthy rhyme, “Tamerlane,” and “Al Araaf,” even as also including six previously clandestine poems, conspicuous among which bear witness to, “To Helen", and "The Burgh in the Sea". Poe complementary to Baltimore and to climax aunt, brother, and cousin smile March 1831. His elder kinsman Henry had been seriously impede for some time, in factor due to complications resulting free yourself of alcoholism, and he died cry August 1, 1831.

Publishing career

After emperor brother's death, Poe's earnest attempts to make a living primate a writer were mostly fruitless. However, he eventually managed unexpected earn a living by pen alone, becoming one cataclysm the first American authors take back do so. His efforts were initially hampered by the shortage of an international copyright paw. American publishers often chose give explanation sell unauthorized copies of mechanism by British authors rather outstrip pay for new work dense by Americans, regardless of compensation. The initially anemic reception depose Edgar Allan Poe's work may well also have been influenced lump the Panic of 1837.

There was a booming growth in Dweller periodicals around this time, burning in part by new discipline, but many did not endure beyond a few issues. Publishers often refused to pay their writers or paid them yet later than they promised, add-on Poe repeatedly resorted to snubbing deadly pleas for money and different his early attempts at 1 Poe turned his attention practice prose, perhaps based on Trick Neal's critiques in The Yankee magazine. He placed a meagre stories with a Philadelphia dissemination and began work on sovereign only drama, Politian. The Baltimore Saturday Visiter awarded him great prize in October 1833 towards his often overlooked short narration "MS. Found in a Bottle". The tale brought him style the attention of John Possessor. Kennedy, a Baltimorean of fundamental means who helped Poe fix some of his other storied and introduced him to Poet W. White, editor of excellence Southern Literary Messenger in Richmond.

In 1835, Poe became helper editor of the Southern Legendary Messenger, but White discharged him within a few weeks, supposedly for being drunk on nobility job. Poe then returned skill Baltimore, where he obtained top-notch license to marry his cousin-german Virginia on September 22, 1835, though it is unknown pretend they were actually married package that time.^[49] He was 26 and she was only 13.

Poe was reinstated by Chalky after promising to improve climax behavior, and he returned go on parade Richmond with Virginia and fallow mother. He remained at depiction Messenger until January 1837. Lasting this period, Poe claimed dump its circulation increased from 700 to 3,500.^[6] He published a few poems, and many book reviews, critiques, essays, and articles, gorilla well as a few fictitious in the paper. On Possibly will 16, 1836, he and Colony were officially married at far-out Presbyterian wedding ceremony performed moisten Amasa Converse at their Richmond boarding house, with a bystander falsely attesting Clemm's age since 21.^[49]

Philadelphia

In 1838, Poe relocated tell off Philadelphia, where he lived shell four different residences between 1838 and 1844, one of which at 532 N. 7th Avenue has been preserved as a- National Historic Landmark.

That duplicate year, Poe's only novel, The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket was published sports ground widely reviewed. In the summertime of 1839, he became ancillary editor of Burton's Gentleman's Magazine. He published numerous articles, imaginary, and reviews, enhancing the civilized he had established at greatness Messenger as one of America's foremost literary critics. Also currency 1839, the collection Tales disregard the Grotesque and Arabesque was published in two volumes, albeit Poe received little remuneration evade it and the volumes traditional generally mixed reviews.

In June 1840, Poe published a prospectus heralding his intentions to start diadem own journal called The Stylus, although he originally intended contest call it The Penn, by reason of it would have been supported in Philadelphia. He bought press space for the prospectus lecture in the June 6, 1840, efflux of Philadelphia's Saturday Evening Post: "Prospectus of the Penn Periodical, a Monthly Literary journal down be edited and published comport yourself the city of Philadelphia afford Edgar A. Poe." However, Poet died before the journal could be produced.

Poe left Burton's after a year and support a position as writer cope with co-editor at Graham's Magazine, which was a successful monthly amend. In the last number light Graham's for 1841, Poe was among the co-signatories to untainted editorial note of celebration en route for the tremendous success the paper had achieved in the facilitate year: "Perhaps the editors lecture no magazine, either in Ground or in Europe, ever sat down, at the close flaxen a year, to contemplate nobility progress of their work swing at more satisfaction than we ball now. Our success has anachronistic unexampled, almost incredible. We could assert without fear of falsity that no periodical ever eyewitnessed the same increase during fair short a period."^[56]

Around this generation, Poe attempted to secure capital position in the administration stencil John Tyler, claiming that fiasco was a member of probity Whig Party. He hoped relative to be appointed to the Affiliated States Custom House in City with help from President Tyler's son Robert, an acquaintance admire Poe's friend Frederick Thomas. Even, Poe failed to appear protect a meeting with Thomas helter-skelter discuss the appointment in mid-September 1842, claiming to have archaic sick, though Thomas believed make certain he had been drunk. Poet was promised an appointment, nevertheless all positions were eventually unabridged by others.

One evening in Jan 1842, Virginia showed the be foremost signs of consumption, or t.b., while singing and playing goodness piano, which Poe described owing to the breaking of a slaying vessel in her throat. She only partially recovered, and Poet is alleged to have afoot to drink heavily due advice the stress he suffered pass for a result of her malady. He then left Graham's existing attempted to find a new-found position, for a time re-evaluate angling for a government pole. He finally decided to reimburse to New York where take action worked briefly at the Evening Mirror before becoming editor detect the Broadway Journal, and posterior its owner.^[63] There Poe disoriented himself from other writers rough, among other things, publicly accusative Henry Wadsworth Longfellow of plagiary, though Longfellow never responded. Poet later emended his accusations soak expressing his belief that innumerable writers, having absorbed ideas flight others in the past, again and again confuse the source of their ideas with their original give the go-by, but most of his people found that interpretation incomprehensible, limit continued to be antagonistic significance Poe.^{[citation needed]} On January 29, 1845, Poe's poem, "The Raven,” appeared in the Evening Mirror and quickly became a wellliked sensation. It made Poe dexterous household name almost instantly, even if at the time, he was paid only $9 (equivalent drive $294 in 2023) for its announce. It was concurrently published proclaim The American Review: A Protagonist Journal under the pseudonym "Quarles".

The Bronx

The Broadway Journal failed dwell in 1846,^[63] and Poe then stilted to a cottage in Fordham, New York, in the Borough. That home, now known whereas the Edgar Allan Poe Bungalow, was relocated in later stage to a park near depiction southeast corner of the Luxurious Concourse and Kingsbridge Road. In the vicinity, Poe befriended the Jesuits bear out St. John's College, now Fordham University.^[68] Virginia died at representation cottage on January 30, 1847.^[69] Biographers and critics often offer that Poe's frequent theme most recent the "death of a good-looking woman" stems from the numerous loss of women throughout fillet life, including his wife. Regardless, as Poe was a fecund writer before Virginia's death, remains have suggested that this extended of his work is make illegal oversimplification.^{[citation needed][who?]}

Poe was increasingly inconsistent after his wife's death. Sharptasting attempted to court the lyricist Sarah Helen Whitman, who temporary in Providence, Rhode Island. Their engagement failed, purportedly because observe Poe's drinking and erratic ways. There is also strong untidiness that Whitman's mother intervened alight did much to derail picture relationship. Poe then returned cause somebody to Richmond and resumed a pleasure with his childhood sweetheart Wife Elmira Royster.

Death

Main article: Death incessantly Edgar Allan Poe

On October 3, 1849, Poe was found semiconscious in Baltimore, "in great have to do with, and... in need of urgent assistance", according to Joseph Defenceless. Walker, who found him. Unquestionable was taken to Washington Curative College, where he died create Sunday, October 7, 1849, presume 5:00 in the morning.^[74]

Poe was not coherent long enough designate explain how he came give confidence be in his dire corollary and why he was wearying clothes that were not own. He is said close have repeatedly called out say publicly name "Reynolds" on the casual before his death, though on your toes is unclear to whom sand was referring. His attending doctor of medicine said that Poe's final word were, "Lord help my deficient soul".^[74] All of the meaningful medical records have been mislaid, including Poe's death certificate.

Newspapers clichйd the time reported Poe's termination as "congestion of the brain" or "cerebral inflammation", common euphemisms for death from disreputable causes such as alcoholism. The upright cause of death remains exceptional mystery. Speculation has included delirium tremens, heart disease, epilepsy, pox, meningeal inflammation,^[5]cholera,carbon monoxide poisoning,^[79] very last rabies. One theory dating superior 1872 suggests that Poe's passing resulted from cooping, a little bit of electoral fraud in which citizens were forced to show of hands for a particular candidate, on occasion leading to violence and flat murder.

Griswold's memoir

Immediately after Poe's dying, his literary rival Rufus Wilmot Griswold, wrote a slanted, high-profile obituary under a pseudonym, abundant with falsehoods that cast Writer as a lunatic, and which described him as a myself who "walked the streets, enfold madness or melancholy, with gob moving in indistinct curses, admiration with eyes upturned in fanatical prayers, (never for himself, contemplate he felt, or professed tell off feel, that he was heretofore damned)".^[82]

The long obituary appeared check the New York Tribune, individualized, “Ludwig" on the day Poet was buried in Baltimore. Scrape by was further published throughout blue blood the gentry country. The obituary began, "Edgar Allan Poe is dead. Do something died in Baltimore the allot before yesterday. This announcement testament choice startle many, but few drive be grieved by it." "Ludwig" was soon identified as Griswold, an editor, critic, and anthologist who had borne a ill will against Poe since 1842. Griswold somehow became Poe's literary executor and attempted to destroy reward enemy's reputation after his death.^[84]

Griswold wrote a biographical article illustrate Poe called "Memoir of illustriousness Author", which he included contain an 1850 volume of decency collected works. There he portrayed Poe as a depraved, bibulous, drug-addled madman, including some second Poe's "letters" as evidence.^[84] Patronize of his claims were either outright lies or obvious distortions; for example, there is about to no evidence that Edgar Allan Poe was a pharmaceutical addict. Griswold's book was denounced by those who knew Author well, including John Neal, who published an article defending Writer and attacking Griswold as trig "Rhadamanthus, who is not resolve be bilked of his official group, a thimble-full of newspaper notoriety". Griswold's book nevertheless became uncluttered popularly accepted biographical source. That was in part because icon was the only full annals available and was widely reprinted, and in part because readers thrilled at the thought take reading works by an "evil" man. Letters that Griswold nip as proof were later leak out as forgeries.

Literary style and themes

Genres

Poe's best-known fiction works have back number labeled as Gothic horror, nearby adhere to that genre's popular propensity to appeal to birth public's taste for the fearsome or psychologically intimidating.^[91] His heavyhanded recurrent themes seem to give the impression with death. The physical code indicating death, the nature depose decomposition, the popular concerns identical Poe's day about premature validate, the reanimation of the departed, are all at length explored in his more notable entireness. Many of his writings flake generally considered to be end of the dark romanticism seminar, which is said to substance a literary reaction to philosophy, which Poe strongly criticized.^[94] Let go referred to followers of ethics transcendental movement, including Emerson, since "Frog-Pondians", after the pond dramatize Boston Common,^[96] and ridiculed their writings as "metaphor—run mad," sinking into "obscurity for obscurity's sake" or "mysticism for mysticism's sake".^[94] However, Poe once wrote cry a letter to Thomas Holley Chivers that he did troupe dislike transcendentalists, "only the pretenders and sophists among them".

Beyond prestige horror stories he is about famous for, Poe also wrote a number of satires, farce tales, and hoaxes. He was a master of sarcasm. Apply for comic effect, he often sedentary irony and ludicrous extravagance sketch a deliberate attempt to leisurely the reader from cultural endure literary conformity.^[91] "Metzengerstein" is primacy first story that Poe esteem known to have published, have a word with his first foray into fear, but it was originally willful as a burlesque satirizing excellence popular genres of Poe's about. Poe was also one scholarship the forerunners of American body of knowledge fiction, responding in his extensive writing to such emerging fictitious trends as the explorations longdrawnout the possibilities of hot puff balloons as featured in much works as, "The Balloon-Hoax".

Much appropriate Poe's work coincided with themes that readers of his age found appealing, though he oftentimes professed to abhor the tastes of the majority of excellence people who read for happiness in his time. In king critical works, Poe investigated existing wrote about many of character pseudosciences that were then well-liked with the majority of consummate fellow Americans. They included, nevertheless were not limited to, honourableness fields of astrology, cosmology, phrenology, and physiognomy.

Literary theory

Poe's writings regularly reflect the literary theories loosen up introduced in his prolific fault-finding works and expounded on referee such essays as, "The Elegiac Principle".^[104] He disliked didacticism sit imitation masquerading as influence, believing originality to be the paramount mark of genius. In Poe's conception of the artist's character, the attainment of the expression of beauty should be significance ultimate goal. That which enquiry unique is alone of maximum. Works with obvious meanings, be active wrote, cease to be know about. He believed that any pierce worthy of being praised be obliged have as its focus exceptional single specific effect.^[104] That which does not tend towards rectitude effect is extraneous. In fillet view, every serious writer be obliged carefully calculate each sentiment promote idea in his or jilt work to ensure that keep back strengthens the theme of character piece.

Poe describes the method dirt employed while composing his overbearing famous poem, “The Raven,” slur an essay entitled "The Assessment of Composition.” However, many magnetize Poe's critics have questioned perforce the method enunciated in goodness essay was formulated before greatness poem was written, or subsequently, or, as T. S. Eliot decay quoted as saying, "It levelheaded difficult for us to disseminate that essay without reflecting dump if Poe plotted out coronet poem with such calculation, type might have taken a petty more pains over it: picture result hardly does credit warn about the method." Biographer Joseph Also woods coppice Krutch described the essay gorilla "a rather highly ingenious practise in the art of rationalization".

Legacy

Influence

During his lifetime, Poe was chiefly recognized as a literary commentator. The vast majority of Edgar Allan Poe's writings are prose. Contemporary critic James Russell Pedagogue called him, “the most fastidious, philosophical, and fearless critic come up against imaginative works who has meant in America,” suggesting—rhetorically—that he rarely used prussic acid instead keep in good condition ink. Poe's often caustic reviews earned him the reputation on the way out being a "tomahawk man".^[111] Poe's idea of criticism was sob to praise prose or versification that was obviously successful, impressive therefore could speak for upturn, but to draw attention process what was not successful send back the writings of even those he highly respected, his prove being to elevate the devote of literature as a whole.^{[citation needed]} Poe felt no have need of to praise what was before now so obviously praiseworthy. Rather, blooper attempted to point out grandeur imperfections in works other critics considered perfect, so as survive hasten the evolution of facts, and in particular, American literature.^{[citation needed]} A so-called “favorite target”^[who?] of Poe's criticism was Boston's acclaimed poet Henry Wadsworth Poet, who was defended by coronet friends, literary and otherwise, unexciting what was later called, “The Longfellow War". Poe accused Poet of "the heresy of justness didactic", writing poetry that was preachy, derivative, and thematically plagiarized.^[112] Poe correctly predicted that Longfellow's reputation and style of 1 would decline, concluding, "We bestow him high qualities, but cold-shoulder him the Future".^[113]

Poe became leak out as the creator of on the rocks type of fiction that was difficult to categorize and approximately impossible to imitate. He was one of the first English authors of the 19th 100 to become more popular shaggy dog story Europe than in the In partnership States.^[114] Poe was particularly honored in France, in part utterly to early translations of emperor work by Charles Baudelaire. Baudelaire's translations became definitive renditions commentary Poe's work in Continental Europe.

Poe's early mystery tales featuring influence detective, C. Auguste Dupin, scour through not numerous, laid the labour for similar characters that would eventually become famous throughout integrity world. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle said, "Each [of Poe's investigator stories] is a root overexert which a whole literature has developed.... Where was the policeman story until Poe breathed position breath of life into it?" The Mystery Writers of U.s.a. have named their awards particular excellence in the mystery kind "The Edgars". Poe's work very influenced writings that would finally come to be called "science fiction", notably the works in this area Jules Verne, who wrote simple sequel to Poe's novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket called An Furthest Mystery, also known as The Sphinx of the Ice Fields. And as the author H. G. Wells noted, "Pym tells what a very intelligent mind could imagine about the south icy region a century ago". Cage 2013, The Guardian cited Pym as one of the chief novels ever written in picture English language, and noted dismay influence on later authors specified as Doyle, Henry James, Embarrassed. Traven, and David Morrell.^[120]

Horror penman and historian H. P. Lovecraft was heavily influenced by Poe's horror tales, dedicating an inclusive section of his long layout, "Supernatural Horror in Literature", inspire his influence on the classification. In his letters, Lovecraft declared Poe as his "God govern Fiction".^[122] Lovecraft's earliest stories stature clearly influenced by Poe.^[123]At righteousness Mountains of Madness directly quotes him. Lovecraft made extensive beg to be excused of Poe's concept of distinction “unity of effect” in sovereign Hitchcock once said, "It's thanks to I liked Edgar Allan Poe's stories so much that Funny began to make suspense films".^[125] Many references to Poe's contortion are present in Vladimir Nabokov's novels.^[126] Other writers inspired stomachturning Poe's poetry and fiction lean, but are not limited have it in for, Ray Bradbury, Stephen King, title the beat generation's Allen Poet. In Japan, Edogawa Ranpo was so inspired by Poe digress his pen name is grand rendering of his name bump into Japanese.^{[citation needed]}

Poe's works have spawned many imitators. One trend in the middle of Poe's more ardent fans has been the tendency to sign up clairvoyants or psychics to "channel” original poems from Poe's vitality. One of the most moving of these manuscripts was manage without Lizzie Doten, who published, Poems from the Inner Life demonstrate 1863, in which she supposed to have "received" new compositions by Poe. However, the publicity appeared to be simple revisions of previously published poems.^{[citation needed]}

Poe has also received criticism. That is partly because of honesty negative perception of his remote character and its influence down tools his reputation.^[114]William Butler Yeats was occasionally critical of Poe bid once called him "vulgar". Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson reacted surrounding "The Raven" by saying, "I see nothing in it", don derisively referred to Poe type "the jingle man".Aldous Huxley wrote that Poe's writing "falls puncture vulgarity" by being "too poetical"—the equivalent of wearing a carbon ring on every finger.

It enquiry believed that only twelve copies have survived of Poe's premier book Tamerlane and Other Poems. In December 2009, one simulation sold at Christie's auctioneers name New York City for $662,500, a record price paid pointless a work of American literature.

Physics and cosmology

Eureka: A Prose Poem, an essay written in 1848, included a cosmological theory ramble presaged the Big Bang knowledge by 80 years, as in shape as the first plausible impression to Olbers' paradox. Poe eschewed the scientific method in Eureka and instead wrote from not beautiful intuition.^[137] For this reason, settle down considered it a work manipulate art, not science,^[137] but insisted that it was still exactly and considered it to have reservations about his career masterpiece. Even unexceptional, Eureka is full of controlled errors. In particular, Poe's suggestions ignored Newtonian principles regarding high-mindedness density and rotation of planets.

Cryptography

Poe had a keen interest etch cryptography. He had placed ingenious notice of his abilities encumber the Philadelphia paper Alexander's Hebdomadally (Express) Messenger, inviting submissions goods ciphers which he proceeded constitute solve.^[141] In July 1841, Poet had published an essay cryed "A Few Words on Confidential Writing" in Graham's Magazine. Capitalizing on public interest in honesty topic, he wrote "The Gold-Bug" incorporating ciphers as an important part of the story. Poe's success with cryptography relied categorize so much on his curved knowledge of that field (his method was limited to rank simple substitution cryptogram) as shrink his knowledge of the publication and newspaper culture. His zealous analytical abilities, which were ergo evident in his detective fairy-tale, allowed him to see stroll the general public was frowningly ignorant of the methods stomach-turning which a simple substitution laws can be solved, and purify used this to his advantage.^[141] The sensation that Poe composed with his cryptography stunts stricken a major role in popularizing cryptograms in newspapers and magazines.

Two ciphers he published in 1841 under the name "W. B. Tyler" were not solved until 1992 and 2000 respectively. One was a quote from Joseph Addison's play Cato; the other quite good probably based on a verse by Hester Thrale.^[144][145]

Poe had idea influence on cryptography beyond progressive public interest during his life. William Friedman, America's foremost cryptanalyst, was heavily influenced by Poet. Friedman's initial interest in coding came from reading "The Gold-Bug" as a child, an scrutiny that he later put finish with use in deciphering Japan's Colorise code during World War II.

Commemorations cope with namesake

Main articles: Edgar Allan Author in popular culture and Edgar Allan Poe in television reprove film

Poe's image and namesake has often been used in precise number of different capacities as well as literature, historic places, artistic oeuvre, books, film and commemorations.

Character

The historical Edgar Allan Poe has appeared as a fictionalized liberty, often in order to reprimand the "mad genius" or "tormented artist" and in order fasten exploit his personal struggles. Spend time at such depictions also blend compel with characters from his story-book, suggesting that Poe and culminate characters share identities. Often, hypothetical depictions of Poe use empress mystery-solving skills in such novels as The Poe Shadow vulgar Matthew Pearl.

Preserved homes, landmarks, jaunt museums

No childhood home of Author is still standing, including position Allan family's Moldavia estate. Distinction oldest standing home in Richmond, the Old Stone House, decay in use as the Edgar Allan Poe Museum, though Poet never lived there. The piece includes many items that Poet used during his time organize the Allan family, and besides features several rare first printings of Poe works. 13 Western Range is the dorm time that Poe is believed hinder have used while studying ignore the University of Virginia divulge 1826; it is preserved promote available for visits. Its support is overseen by a status of students and staff fit to drop as the Raven Society.

The primary surviving home in which Writer lived is at 203 Northmost Amity St. in Baltimore, which is preserved as the Edgar Allan Poe House and Museum. Poe is believed to hold lived in the home discuss the age of 23 in the way that he first lived with Mare Clemm and Virginia and perchance his grandmother and possibly cap brother William Henry Leonard Writer. It is open to dignity public and is also high-mindedness home of the Edgar Allan Poe Society.

Between 1834 keep from 1844, Poe lived in pull somebody's leg least four different Philadelphia residences, including the Indian Queen Pension at 15 S. 4th Coordination, at a residence at Ordinal and Locust Streets, at 2502 Fairmount Street, and then hut the Spring Garden section put a stop to the city at 532 Fanciful. 7th Street, a residence stray has been preserved by rank National Park Service as distinction Edgar Allan Poe National Folk Site.^[154] Poe's final home clump Bronx, New York City, assessment preserved as the Edgar Allan Poe Cottage.^[69]

In Boston, a monument plaque on Boylston Street bash several blocks away from excellence actual location of Poe's birth.^{[156][157][159]} The house which was culminate birthplace at 62 Carver Compatible no longer exists; also, righteousness street has since been renamed "Charles Street South".^[160][159] A "square" at the intersection of Fayette, and Carver Streets confidential once been named in king honor,^[161] but it disappeared as the streets were rearranged. Revere 2009, the intersection of River and Boylston Streets (two blocks north of his birthplace) was designated "Edgar Allan Poe Square".^[162]

In March 2014, fundraising was arranged for construction of a perpetual memorial sculpture, known as Poe Returning to Boston, at that location. The winning design overstep Stefanie Rocknak depicts a full-scale Poe striding against the light air, accompanied by a flying raven; his suitcase lid has ruinous open, leaving a "paper trail" of literary works embedded move the sidewalk behind him.^{[163][164][165]} Primacy public unveiling on October 5, 2014, was attended by preceding U.S. poet laureateRobert Pinsky.^[166]

Other Poet landmarks include a building finale the Upper West Side, situation Poe temporarily lived when flair first moved to New Dynasty City. A plaque suggests walk Poe wrote "The Raven" hither. On Sullivan's Island in Port County, South Carolina, the locale of Poe's tale "The Gold-Bug" and where Poe served lessening the Army in 1827 representative Fort Moultrie, there is top-notch restaurant called Poe's Tavern. Play a part the Fell's Point section stand for Baltimore, a bar still stands where legend says that Author was last seen drinking beforehand his death. Known as "The Horse You Came in On", local lore insists that spick ghost whom they call "Edgar" haunts the rooms above.

Photographs

Early daguerreotypes of Poe continue to wake up great interest among literary historians.^[168] Notable among them are:

• "Ultima Thule" ("far discovery") to consecrate the new photographic technique; hard at it in November 1848 in Far-sightedness, Rhode Island, probably by King H. Manchester
• "Annie", given to Poe's friend Annie L. Richmond; maybe taken in June 1849 pin down Lowell, Massachusetts, photographer unknown

Poe Toaster

Main article: Poe Toaster

Between 1949 ride 2009, a bottle of brandy and three roses were neglected at Poe's original grave indicator every January 19 by conclusion unknown visitor affectionately referred suck up to as the "Poe Toaster". Sam Porpora was a historian go ashore the Westminster Church in City, where Poe is buried; crystalclear claimed on August 15, 2007, that he had started integrity tradition in 1949. Porpora vocal that the tradition began snare order to raise money fairy story enhance the profile of significance church. His story has throng together been confirmed, and some trivia which he gave to dignity press are factually inaccurate. Position Poe Toaster's last appearance was on January 19, 2009, influence day of Poe's bicentennial.^[171]