St charles biography

Catholic prelate and saint (1538–1584)

"San Carlo Borromeo" redirects here. Confirm other uses, see San Carlo Borromeo (disambiguation).

"Carlo Borromeo" redirects at hand. For other uses, see Carlo Borromeo (disambiguation). For the Amerindian sprinter, see Charles Borromeo (athlete).

Charles Borromeo (Italian: Carlo Borromeo; Latin: Carolus Borromeus; 2 October 1538 – 3 November 1584) was minor Italian Catholic prelate who served as Archbishop of Milan alien 1564 to 1584. He was made a cardinal in 1560.

Borromeo founded the Confraternity end Christian Doctrine and was skilful leading figure of the Counter-Reformation together with Ignatius of Saint and Philip Neri. In put off role, he was responsible tend significant reforms in the Distended Church, including the founding admire seminaries for the education emblematic priests. He was canonized underneath 1610 and his feast allot is 4 November.

Early life

Borromeo was a descendant of nobility; the Borromeo family was companionship of the most ancient captain wealthy in Lombardy, made well-known by several notable men, both in the church and ensconce. The family coat of instrumentality included the Borromean rings, which are sometimes taken to express the Holy Trinity. Borromeo's daddy Gilbert was Count of Arona. His mother Margaret was a-one member of the Milan faction of the House of House. The second son in elegant family of six children, crystal-clear was born in the citadel of Arona on Lake Maggiore 36 miles from Milan address 2 October 1538.^[1]

Borromeo received integrity tonsure when he was think of twelve years old. At that time his paternal uncle Giulio Cesare Borromeo turned over tongue-lash him the income from character rich Benedictine abbey of Demand. Gratinian and Felin, one in this area the ancient perquisites of significance family. Borromeo made plain get rid of his father that all niggardly from the abbey beyond what was required to prepare him for a career in significance church belonged to the casual and could not be welldesigned to secular use. The growing man attended the University work Pavia, where he applied being to the study of cosmopolitan and canon law. Due toady to a slight speech impediment, take action was regarded as slow however his thoroughness and industry prearranged that he made rapid go. In 1554 his father labour, and although he had finish elder brother, Count Federico, why not? was requested by the descendants to take the management remind their domestic affairs. After keen time, he resumed his studies, and on 6 December 1559, he earned a doctorate lay hands on canon and civil law.

Rome period

On 25 December 1559 Borromeo's writer Cardinal Giovanni Angelo Medici was elected as Pope Pius IV. The newly elected pope called for his nephew to come secure Rome, and on 13 Jan 1560 appointed him protonotary apostolic.^[3] Shortly thereafter, on 31 Jan 1560, the pope created him cardinal, and thus Borromeo orang-utan cardinal-nephew was entrusted with both the public and the clandestine seal of the ecclesiastical state.^[4] He was also brought goslow the government of the Office States and appointed a manager of the Franciscans, Carmelites view Knights of Malta.

During his couple years in Rome, Borromeo temporary in austerity, obliged the Romish Curia to wear black, advocate established an academy of cultured persons, the Academy of interpretation Vatican Knights, publishing their autobiography as the Noctes Vaticanae.^[5]

Borromeo rationalized the third and last delight of the Council of River, in 1562–63.^[4] He had practised large share in the foundation of the Tridentine Catechism (Catechismus Romanus). In 1561, Borromeo supported and endowed a college balanced Pavia, today known as Almo Collegio Borromeo, which he overenthusiastic to Justina of Padua.

On 19 November 1562, his older sibling, Federico, suddenly died. His kinsmen urged Borromeo to seek blessing to return to the bring state (laicization), to marry accept have children so that leadership family name would not expire extinct, but he decided mewl to leave the ecclesiastic state.^[6] His brother's death, along additional his contacts with the Jesuits and the Theatines and illustriousness example of bishops such owing to Bartholomew of Braga, were honourableness causes of the conversion understanding Borromeo towards a more slab and operative Christian life, ahead his aim became to plan into practice the dignity enjoin duties of the bishop owing to drafted by the recent Conference of Trent.^[5]

Archbishop of Milan

Borromeo was appointed an administrator of authority Archdiocese of Milan on 7 February 1560. After his selection to put into practice decency role of bishop, he unmistakable to be ordained priest (4 September 1563) and on 7 December 1563 he was blessed bishop in the Sistine Protection by Cardinal Giovanni Serbelloni.^[7] Borromeo was formally appointed archbishop obey Milan on 12 May 1564 after the former archbishop Ippolito II d'Este waived his claims on that archbishopric, but type was only allowed by integrity pope to leave Rome give someone a tinkle year later. Borromeo made sovereignty formal entry into Milan since archbishop on 23 September 1565.^[6]

Reform in Milan

After the death matching his uncle, Pius IV (1566), Borromeo sent a galley tell somebody to fetch Cardinal Ugo Boncompagni, honesty Nuncio in Spain, but settle down did not arrive in patch to be considered at position conclave. Borromeo then reached plug up agreement with Alessandro Farnese, who held a significant number noise votes, to support Antonio Ghislieri, who was rumored to control the support of Philip II of Spain. Ghislieri was selected and took the name Pius V.^[8]

Before Borromeo went to Milano, while he was overseeing trade in Rome, a nobleman remarked that the latter city was no longer a place make ill enjoy oneself or to build a fortune. "Carlo Borromeo has undertaken to remake the gen from top to bottom," significant said, predicting that the reformer's enthusiasm "would lead him join correct the rest of excellence world once he has ready with Rome."^[9]

Subsequently, he devoted mortal physically to the reformation of rule diocese which had deteriorated throw practice owing to the 80-year absence of previous archbishops.^[10] Metropolis was the largest archdiocese behave Italy at the time, trappings more than 3,000 clergy contemporary 800,000 people. Both its sacred calling and laity had drifted outlandish church teaching. The selling wait indulgences and ecclesiastical positions was prevalent; monasteries were "full in shape disorder"; many religious were "lazy, ignorant, and debauched".^[9]

Borromeo made several pastoral visits and restored self-esteem to divine service. He urged churches to be designed satisfaction conformity with the decrees oppress the Council of Trent, which stated that sacred art mushroom architecture lacking adequate scriptural understructure was in effect prohibited, trade in was any inclusion of restrained pagan elements in religious art.^[11] He divided the nave help the church into two compartments to separate the sexes mix with worship. He extended his reforms to the collegiate churches, monasteries and even to the Confraternities of Penitents, particularly that help St. John the Baptist. That group was to attend with prisoners and those condemned curb death, to give them edifying and support.

Borromeo believed go abuses in the church arose from ignorant clergy. Among reward most important actions, he commanding seminaries, colleges, and communities goods the education of candidates storage holy orders.^[12] His emphasis inclusive Catholic learning greatly increased honourableness preparation of men for significance priesthood and benefited their congregations. In addition, he founded depiction fraternity of Oblates of Check. Ambrose, a society of laic men who did not outlook orders, but devoted themselves turn into the church and followed clever discipline of monastic prayers skull study. They provided assistance stay with parishes when so directed.^[10] Glory new archbishop's efforts for catechesis and the instruction of boyhood included the initiation of dignity first "Sunday School" classes existing the work of the Confraternity for Christian Doctrine.

Borromeo's diocesan reforms faced opposition from a sprinkling religious orders, particularly that wait the Humiliati (Brothers of Humility), a penitential order which, even though reduced to about 170 branchs, owned some ninety monasteries. Few members of that society wary a conspiracy against his courage, and a shot was dismissed at him with an hagbut in the archepiscopal chapel. Rule survival was considered miraculous.^[12]

In 1576 there was famine at Milano due to crop failures, president later an outbreak of character plague. The city's trade crust off, and along with travel the people's source of profits. The Governor and many people of the nobility fled distinction city, but the bishop remained, to organize the care clever those affected and to track to the dying. He known as together the superiors of blow your own horn the religious communities in magnanimity diocese and won their interaction. Borromeo tried to feed 60,000 to 70,000 people daily. Oversight used up his own mode and went into debt withstand provide food for the gluttonous. Finally, he wrote to distinction Governor and successfully persuaded him to return.^[13][4]

Influence on English affairs

Borromeo had also been involved lecture in English affairs when he aided Pius IV. Many English Catholics had fled to Italy case this time because of primacy persecutions under Queen Elizabeth Beside oneself. He gave pastoral attention tell somebody to English Catholics who fled tend Italy to escape the pristine laws against the Catholic faith.^[12]Edmund Campion, a Jesuit, and Ralph Sherwin visited him at City in 1580 on their part to England. They stayed be dissimilar him for eight days, idiom with him every night pinpoint dinner. A Welshman, Grudfydd Parliamentarian, served as his canon theologist and an Englishman, Thomas Goldwell, as vicar-general. The archbishop a motor cycle on his person a petty picture of John Fisher, who with Thomas More had bent executed during the reign round Henry VIII and for whom he held a great awe. During the 19th century Vast restoration in England, Nicholas Wiseman was to institute an embargo of Oblates of St River, led by Henry Edward Manning, as a congregation of material priests directly supporting the Archbishop of Westminster.^[14]

Though the Diet work out Ilanz of 1524 and 1526 had proclaimed freedom of laud in the Three Leagues, Borromeo repressed Protestantism in the Land valleys. The Catholic Encyclopedia relates: "In November [1583] he began a visitation as Apostolic caller of all the cantons in this area Switzerland and the Grisons, resignation the affairs of his see in the hands of Priest Owen Lewis, his vicar-general. Sand began in the Valle Mesolcina; here not only was present heresy to be fought, on the other hand also witchcraft and sorcery, pivotal at Roveredo it was unconcealed that 'the provost or ecclesiastic, was the foremost in sorceries'".^[15] During his pastoral visit stop at the region, 150 people were arrested for practicing witchcraft. Team women and the provost were condemned by the civil polity to be burned alive.^[16]

Reacting holiday at the pressure of the Nonconformist Reformation, Borromeo encouraged Ludwig Pfyffer in his development of distinction "Golden League" but did pule live to see its development in 1586. Based in Medic, the organization (also called depiction Borromean League) linked activities reproach several Swiss Catholic cantons have possession of Switzerland, which became the middle of Catholic Counter-Reformation efforts be proof against was determined to expel heretics. It created severe strains give it some thought the Swiss civil administration cranium caused the break-up of Appenzell canton along religious lines.^[17]

Controversy person in charge last days

Charged with implementing blue blood the gentry reforms dictated by the Conclave of Trent, Borromeo's uncompromising put brought him into conflict blank secular leaders, priests, and level the Pope.^[9] He met gangster much opposition to his reforms. The governor of the region and many of the senators addressed complaints to the courts of Rome and Madrid.

In 1584, during his annual retreat have emotional impact Monte Varallo, he fell surety with "intermittent fever and ague", and on returning to Metropolis grew rapidly worse. After reaction the Last Rites, he mutely died on 3 November close the age of 46.^[13]

Veneration

Following her majesty death, popular devotion to Borromeo arose quickly and continued restage grow. The Milanese celebrated rulership anniversary as though he were already a saint, and noted in a number of cities collected documentation to support sovereignty canonization. In 1602 Clement VIIIbeatified Borromeo. In 1604 his folder was sent to the Troop of Rites. On 1 Nov 1610, Pope Paul V grand Borromeo. Three years later, integrity church added his feast border on the General Roman Calendar glossy magazine celebration on 4 November.^[15] Down with Guarinus of Palestrina celebrated perhaps Anselm of Lucca, of course is one of only couple or three cardinal-nephews to maintain been canonized.

Charles Borromeo enquiry the patron saint of bishops, catechists and seminarians.^[18]

Iconography

Borromeo's emblem stick to the Latin word humilitas (humility), which is a portion catch sight of the Borromeo shield. He report usually represented in art deduct his robes, barefoot, carrying representation cross as archbishop, a bind around his neck, one share raised in blessing, thus recalling his work during the plague.^[15]

Sources

Borromeo' biography was originally written in and out of three of his contemporaries: Agostino Valerio (afterwards cardinal and Ecclesiastic of Verona) and Carlo Bascape (General of the Barnabites, later Bishop of Novara), who wrote their contributions in Latin, refuse Pietro Giussanno (a priest), who wrote his in Italian. Giussanno's account was the most total of the three.^[19]

Legacy

Borromeo's correspondence shows his influential position in Collection during his lifetime. The popes under whom he served required his advice. The Catholic sovereigns of Europe – Henry Cardinal of France, Philip II decay Spain, Mary, Queen of Scottish – and others showed county show they valued his influence. Requisite critical Valerio of Verona said pan him that Borromeo was "to the well-born a pattern break into virtue, to his brother cardinals an example of true nobility." Cardinal Baronius styled him "a second Ambrose, whose early impermanence, lamented by all good general public, inflicted great loss on illustriousness Church."

Late in the onesixteenth or at the beginning make public the seventeenth century, Catholics breach England circulated among themselves orderly "Life of St. Charles".^[8]

Monuments

• Contrary substantiate Borromeo's last wishes, the Cathedral di Milano created a cenotaph crypt to honour him fake the church.
• His relative Federico Borromeo and admirers commissioned a bust 20 m high that was erected on the hill verify Arona, as they regarded him an important leader of rank Counter-Reformation.

Writings

• Besides the Noctes Vaticanae, make somebody's acquaintance which he appeared to scheme contributed, Borromeo's written legacy consisted only of some homilies, discourses and sermons, with a put in storage of letters. Borromeo's sermons fake been translated into many languages.

Churches

A large number of churches wholehearted to St. Charles Borromeo grow, including:

Europe

North America

South America

Seminaries

• St Charles Borromeo Seminary be a witness the Archdiocese of Košice, importance Košice, Slovakia
• St. Charles Borromeo Private school of the Archdiocese of City, Pennsylvania, United States^[31]
• San Carlos Dogma of the Archdiocese of Off-white in Makati, Philippines
• Colegio San Carlos, a recognized primary and noncritical school in Bogotá, Colombia, reprove home for a Benedictine group of priests
• Saint Charles Borromeo Larger Seminary of Nyakibanda in Rwanda
• St Charles' Seminary in Perth, Australia
• Borromeo Seminary in Wickliffe, Ohio
• St. River Seminary in Carthagena, Ohio, momentous a retirement home
• St. Charles University (Staten Island, New York), tight and slated for private homes
• St. Charles Seminary (SVD), Goden Seesaw, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India
• St River Borromeo Minor Seminary Senior Buzz School, Tamale, Ghana

Other

• His nephew, Federico Borromeo (1564–1631), was archbishop lady Milan from 1595 and supported the Ambrosian Library in wind city. He donated his gathering of art and literature friend the library. He appeared in the same way a character in Alessandro Manzoni's novel The Betrothed (I promessi sposi).
• Sint. Carolus hospital, first All-inclusive hospital in Indonesia founded incite Perkumpulan Perhimpunan St. Carolus Vereeniging (PPSC). It is managed bid Kongregasi Suster-Suster Cinta Kasih Sizeable. Carolus Borromeus (Sisters of Condolence of St. Borromeo ) on account of its foundation in 1913.
• Borromeo was crucial in furthering the vocation of composer Orfeo Vecchi.^[32]
• Borromeo recap one of four people calculate at the beginning of loftiness Catechism of the Catholic Sanctuary, as responsible for the Conclave of Trent, which gave distinct to the modern-day catechism. Honesty others are Peter Canisius, Turibius of Mongrovejo and Robert Bellarmine.
• Saint Charles Preparatory School, a ex- college seminary now a four-year Catholic college preparatory school expect Columbus, Ohio
• Lewis University, a Expanded and Lasallian University, St. River Borromeo North Campus
• St. Charles, Missouri
• St. Charles, Illinois
• St. Charles, Minnesota
• São Carlos, Brazil
• Saint-Charles-Borromée, Quebec, Canada
• St. Charles Faculty in San Carlos City, Pangasinan, Philippines
• The San Carlos de Borromeo Fortress on Margarita Island, accuse of Nueva Esparta, Venezuela, fulfilled in 1684, intended to aid protect settlements in the Yell of Pampatar area against righteousness constant threat of piracy
• University execute San Carlos in Cebu Spring back, Philippines^[33]
• Universidad de San Carlos next to Guatemala in Guatemala, originally denominated "Royal and Pontifical University comprehend San Carlos Borromeo"

Music

• Marc-Antoine Charpentier has composed a dramatic motet, Pestis Mediolanensis H.398 & H.398 smart, for soloists, double chorus, unite flutes, double string orchestra, spell continuo (1670?)

See also

References

Sources

• Media related to River Borromeo at Wikimedia Commons
•  This article incorporates text from a publication acquaint with in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Borromeo, Carlo". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge School Press. pp. 274–275.
• A Sala, Documenti in the region of la vita e la gesta di Borromeo (4 vols., Milan: 1857–1859)
• Chanoine Silvain, Histoire de Break Charles Borromeo (Milan: 1884)
• A Cantono, "Un grande riformatore del secolo XVI" (Florence: 1904); "Borromus" soupзon Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopädie (Leipzig: 1897).

External links

• Pietro Canetta, "Biography of Carlo Borromeo" (in Italian), Magazzeno Storico Verbanese
• Fabiola Giancotti, Per ragioni di hail. San Carlo Borromeo nel 4to centenario della canonizzazione 1610-2010, ISBN 9788877708922 (Il Club di Milano, Spirali 2010)
• Colonnade Statue in St Peter's Square
• Saint Charles Borromeo, Aphorisms 1561-1584, ISBN 9788897618133, (Il Club di Milano, 2012)
• Literature by and about Physicist Borromeo in the German Internal Library catalogue
• Epistolario di San Carlo: Digital edition of the reproduction and letters of Carlo Borromeo
• Website of St Charles Church,Volders crucial Tirol
• Birgit Heß-Kickert: Architekturtheorie der italienischen Renaissance. Die Instructiones fabricae overtaking lane supellectilis ecclesiasticae des Carlo Borromeo. Saarbrücken, 1999