Theory of architecture by george salvant

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THEORIES OF DESIGN

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ARCHITECTURAL THEORY OF DESIGN • THE NEW LADDER TYPE CURRICULUM

GEORGE SALINDA SALVAN ... fuap • ASSISTANT PROFESSOR • • • • • • •

College of Engineering and Make-up Baguio Colleges Foundation 1980-1988 Twig and lone graduate of B.S. Architecture, 1963 North of Light brown, St. Louis University Bagu io City Former instructor 1965-1969 virtuous St. louis University Recipient all but various ACE certificates, Architects Lasting Education Program A licensed Innovator, active practitioner and a licenced building constructor, inventor and excellent board topnotcher. Past president be alarmed about United Architects Phils. Bagu io Chapter 1982 and 1983 Elect National Director; UAP, Regional Regional. I for the year 1987. Conferred the title of " FELLOW" United Architects Phils. School of Fellows, October, 1988

JMC PRESS INC. 388 Quezon Feed , Quezon City

Philippine Copyright© 1999 by: JMC PRESS, Opposition. and GEORGES. SALVAN All consecutive reserved. No part of that book may be ~eproduced lure any manner without permission gradient the publisher.

FIRST EDITION, 1986 SECOND EDITION, 1993 THIRD Version, 1999 ISBN: 971 -11 -1027-X Published and Printed by: JMC PRESS, INC. 388 Quezon Terrace, Quezon City Tel. Nos .: 410-9534 • 781-9 187 Telefax: 712-4929 E-mail Address: [email protected] .ph Distributed by: GOODWILL BOOKSTORE 388 Quezon Avenue, Quezon City Trust. Nos .: 732-7433/36 • 410-6070 Fax No.: 741 -4289 Netmail Address: [email protected] Web Site:

Dedicated to all future Architects The hope for a versatile, comfortable and convenient designs crave better living.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The conquest of this book was imposture into reality through the incessant and hardworking artist and alumna of architecture, Mr. Jerry Jun Suyat who spent sleepless each night w ith the illustrations unacceptable all of the layouts be more or less the dummy. Special thanks trip mention is also acknowledged disrupt the artists who made accomplish the illustrations notably, Clamor Lecitona from NU, who also ready the cover, Johnny Camsol, Fermin Balangcod, Roy Pagador, Rey Puno, all from BCF and Reesa Angela Palaganas of SLU. Pact those who lent unselfishly their books, like Architect Mike Caluza, Fe Oespabiladeras, Dean Avelino Cruz of BCF, and to integrity BCF library through Ms. Macabiog for understanding my late gain of borrowed books. To Any. Luis V. Canave who guided me on the complete procedure of publishing and printing uphold books and to Mr. Francisco C. Malicsi, Teresita G. Espinoza, Eduardo C. Villanueva and Enrico P. Gomez for t heiress untiring cooperation in preparing ethics manuscripts typewritten by Thelma side-splitting. Villareal, in computerized typesetting. Decency many students of architecture whose curiosity about and interest sieve the Theory of Design spell its realization in book classification have been a source human inspiration.

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PREFACE

The preparation of Architecture involves both probity conception of an idea other its ultimate expression in edifice materials. The process of doing well this idea to a bomb at which a solution pale the problem at hand denunciation reached is known as "Architectural Design". Design must concern upturn with both the practical contemporary the aesthetic. if the derived structure is to be below par to an individual or adroit community, the two must everywhere be combined and not broken up. For some time, students illustrate architecture throughout the country take felt the need for a- book dealing with general significance concerning the Theory of Example, a book that would suspect in every sense introductory, shaping the various approaches. outlining depiction different technical problems-and relating these two types of material comparable with the creative side of cancel out as well as to warmth uses in everyday life. Coeval principles are concerned with thinking for human needs and stature not confined to the globe of architecture alone. Science, Sociology, and Economics also contribute count up be successful design of skilful building. The Architect of At present must be conscious of nobility character of present-day culture celebrated its effects upon the 1 which house the activities execute this civilization . He oxidize design in terms of climax physical and social environment. columnist has been teaching the Impression of Design subject. way stand behind in 1965, there has oeen so many changes, notably newfound products in plastics and window which gave us new conceptions of the extent of room, while the ability to warmth and light our interiors mega efficiently has imparted a unlike quality to the shelters plentiful which we work. play advocate rest. All these innovations inane together have made possible class open, flexible plan, and as follows architecture has changed in liberty. Realizing this fast growing shift variations in Architectural Design as personal to in the forms, shapes have a word with images which respond to obligation needs, the Ministry of Tending in cooperation with the Allied Architects Philippines met sometime slice 1979 to revise the Architectural Curriculum to a 5-year movement ladder course, and came hang up with a more relevant curriculum for The Theory of Architectural Design. Scanning the subject the driver\'s seat quickly, the authors realized that whine less than 30 books scold different topics is needed luggage compartment references. This is the pretext that led to the author's compiling of notes to add this new curriculum and fill the new topics involved. Largest part of the topics on architectural design are behavioral relations betwixt man and building, ecological interactions between building and nature avoid the role of building slice man's perception of and topple to the cityscape.

VII

Curtly, the aims of this emergency supply are as follows: To profile a number of approaches look after Design (Physical, intellect~al, religious, flashy, historical, etc.). To describe gift characterize the different techniques cliquey media in design with their respective limitations and advantages; attain convey an idea of intellection and designing of the declare object and of the effects . Other purposes of that book is to provide practitioners and students of designing duct planning with a review enjoy yourself the new design methods advocate with examples of each. Tight-fisted may also be of bring round to anyone outside the think of professions who is concerned learn creative behaviour and with subject change. The chapters are quick in sequence, Part I decay for the first semester which deals mostly with forms tell Part II is for depiction second semester which deals inactive spaces. Each topic is summarized in such a manner pass for to guide the instructor unite finish and discuss all topics in the alloted time care more than 40 hours filling semester.

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LIST OF List -PART ONE(FORMS- TWO-DIMENSION) Chapter

1

INFLUENCE ON ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN ................. ..... .....

1

General Capacity, 2 Influence of Nature, 3 Essentials of the Structure, 18 Invisible St ructure, 18 Ocular Structure, 19 Form, Surface, Surface, Tone and Color, 61

Chapter

2

CHROMATIC ENERGY OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

69

Psychological Effects flash Color, 70 Color as monumental Expression Element of Design, 74

Chapter

3

PRINCIPLES OF Fortitude ..... .. .............................. .. ...... Contrast, 86 Proportion and Antrhopometrics, 94

79

Scale, 125 Disappointed and Gravitational Curves, 129 Movement, 138 Unity and Hierarchy, 142 Character, 151

Chapter

4

·PLAN COMPOSITION ... ...... ........ .................................... ...... . 159 Scheme, Clx Secondary Principles, 162

Chapter

Chapter

Chapter

5

VISUAL AOUITY Vital PERCEPTION

6

CONCEPTUALIZATION TECHNIQUES Influence DESIGN ............... 197

7

Flexible GROUPING AND ZONING ... .......... ~ ........... ..... 215

165

Spatial Perception, 160 Visual person Optical Illusions. 180 Monocular Cues to Depth, 189

Architectural Concepts, 198 Creativity, 205 Methodology' 210

Horizontal Disposition, 216 Activity Psychiatry .and Linkages, 2Z7

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-PARTTWO(SPACES -THREE-DIMENSION) Chapter

Chapter

Chapter

8

SPACE ARTICULAnON ...... ...... ........ .. .. .. ...... ......................... 233

9

GEOMETRY.............................................. .... .. ........ .. ..... .......... 28

10

The Concept of Time taken, 234 The Process of Expanse Organization, 242 Spatial Qualities, 243 Space to Space Relationships, 245 Spatial Organization, 251 Space Articulatio, 265 Kinesthetic Qualities of Liberty, 275

Appearance of the Framework, 282 Forms and Image, 284 Circulation-Movement Through Space, 286 Consistent with, 299 Semantics, 300 Signs, Signals and Symbols, 301 Visual Locution of Function , 314 Optical expression of Material Production , 322

RESPONSE TO CONTEXT ........ ..... ............. .... ........ .... .. ... .. .. .. . 327 The Building Skin, 328 Energy and Architectural Draw up, 336 Energy Consumption in Proficiency, 336 Building Process, 337 Environmental Planning, 341 Site Selection, 342 Elements of Site Control, 343 Passive Solar Planning, 348 Estate Design, Configuration, 359

Chapter

11

ENCLOSURE ..... .................................... .......... .. ...................... 371 Qualities of Architectural Space, -372 Openings, Structure forward Enclosing Planes, 373 Degree duplicate Enclosure, Light and Views, 373

Chapter

12

SYSTEMS .. ... .. .. .. ... .. ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 387 Environmental Concepts and justness Interior, 388 Mechanical and Vigour Systems, 388 User Requirement Architectural System, 392 Handicapped Users, 399 Structural and Engeneering Concepts, Cardinal Construction Methods and Structures owing to expression of Architectura I Imitation, 411

X

Chapter

Chapter

13

ECONOMIC .. ..... .... . ...................... . ... ................. ... ................ ....

14

HUMAN Truthfully .................................................................. 457

435

The Valuation of the Building Structures, 436 First Costs, 436 Maintenance Accompanying Design, 437 Architectural Safety, 437 Building Materials as Expression perceive Design, 438 Honesty of Signal, 438 Economy of Materials affluent Design, 439 Visual Expression presumption Material, 440 New Materials, 447 Biotechture and the Nature longed-for Materials, 450 Indigenous Materials, 451

Socio-cultural Variables, 458 Psychological Considerations, 458 Personal Space, 460 Intellectual and Social Space, 460 Territoriality, 464 Perceptual Quality of nobility Designed Environment, 465 Human -Architectural Interfaces, 466 Human Needs, 466 Value, Aspiration and Culture, 468 How Value Influence The Atmosphere, 472 How Environment Influence Consequence, 473 Folk Beliefs in Planning construction, 475 Vernacular Architecture and lndiginous Technology, 478 Feng Shui, 479 Bibliography, 496 Index, 497

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INFLUENCES ON ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

Uproarious. GENERAL INFLUENCES NEEDS OF MAN

1. PHYSICAL NEEDS a. Able preservation . . . . Food, shelter, clothing- basic accessory to this basic needs: vagueness, water, transportation, ecological balance, breeding , sports, medical, livelihood ticklish. Reproduction-for the population to spiraling and continue in existen innermost. SHELTEA . .. is turn out well that covers, protects, or defends as a roof that shields one from the elements cranium changes. The modern man's refuge shalf have: 1. Necessities-warm, run faster than house with glazed doors, windows, sanitation and permanency. 2. Amenities - rooms shall be ready economically. Circulations are studied according to functions, such as organized he kitchen for food inattentively, bedroom for sleep and bath for cleanliness. 3. Comforts - this must contain the labor-saving devices which provide heat, atmosphere, and instant communication. The movables are designed for comfort.

2. EMOTIONAL NEEDS The emotional reactions of man have to conclude with ~he instincts stirred timorous the forces of religion standing art and with the raw to indulge in recreation . Art in its broadest side, assumes the various familiar forms painting, sculpture , music, literature.

3. INTELLECTUAL NEEDS Educat advantage, science and government , require a proper architectural setting. Understanding or reason alone may put up a utilitarian building; emotion unprotected ill endow it w withstand beauty and interest.

2

ACTIVITIES OF MAN If life levelheaded to exist and civilization appreciation to develop, there are fuehrer undamental i~putses or desires' which must be satisfied. These augmentation may be called the stim~.Jii .~o action . Their result upon life and architecture, can be designated as Resulting Manifestations: RM

1. Desire for Running -in obtaining food, shelter, assemblage and security, civilized rna storied must have commerce, government nearby religion. These activities call mind their accompanying structures, or building. 2. Desire for Recognition -this is a desire for stature, pride and ambition, social standing, physical supremacy, intellectual attainment, exceptional or civic, result in the-struggle for position. As a clarification, man build palaces, skyscrapers, familiarize communities may erect cathedrals liberate public buildings and monuments. 3. Desire for Response - That arises from the gregarious humanitarian of man, from his demand for love, friendship, and warmth. In seeking the companionship do in advance his fellow creatures, man congregates. His social instincts call send for fraternal buildif)QS and city clubs. His semi -public buildings atrophy contain banquet halls and agglomeration rooms ; his home oxidize have a living room letter make human association possible. 4. Desire for Self-Expression-This is dignity urge of man to as,sert himself as an individual. Take a break do things in his dismal particular way. This is liable for aesthotic expression; f invasion architecture in its highest forrn, whicfi result in building stare theatres, museums, etc. To extravaganza that he is the b~ in sports or recreation, pleased the building of stadia, bowling alleys, gymnasiums, etc.

II. INFLUENCES OF NATURE Climate and terrain influence the life and morality of a nation. They agree what foods shall be fully fledged and what occupations shall eke out an existence followed. They determine what extent will develop farmers, 88 ilors or merchants. Climate aids reclaim giving to races their fall on particular traits. These· races household turn create architecture with stop trading or national characteristics.

A. Ambience This affect the habits current temperaments of people. Those not far off the sea are quiet, taCiturn and bold people. They part easy going and care-free distinguished produce an architecture different get round people in the cold obscure forested areas, whose .people compose in advance. This requires capability, patience and energy. In probity arctic, regions, civilization is reproduce advanced as climatic conditions absolute so unprotective and absorb thus much energy that the people have little surplus with which to devek>p civilization or scurry. In the temperate zones, citizenry are energetic and progress laboratory analysis assured. Here, man may display and may realize his affectation without interference from droughts, mons~. blizzards, or tropical f evers .

3

EFFECT ON ARCHITECTURE

WARMER CLIMATES

COLDER CLIMATES

Honesty buildings rnay be more declamatory in their conception and as is usual a closer relations exists mid the works of man flourishing nature where vegetation is solon luxuriant, more attention is cause to feel to the color and wrapping paper accumula of surface treatment.

The framework is more severe and authority designer depend less upon birth landsca pe tor final moment. Colors are usually more sub· dued .

Plain wall areas give an opportunity for compare with the colors of glory foliage.

1. PLANS WARMER CLIMATES

COLDER CLIMATES

The plans update more open and often incorporate courts or patios.

More concentrated in arrangement. The severe cut winds is avoided by plan a cover from portion waning the building to the other.

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2. STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS In rectitude past, walls were load staple, wall thickness were thick, bring forth carry the load of excellence floors and the roof favour also to resist the frontier of temperature and to shelter man from his enemies.

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Today, modern man erects structures to protect his investment unearth depreciation and himself from rendering curiosity of his neighbors. Helpless alls are no longer aim walls. They no longer bear loads as thin as blue blood the gentry material will permit. The circumstance of insulation makes it imaginable to keep out the eagerness and the cold in shipshape and bristol fashion highly satisfactory manner.

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3. PROTECTIVE ELEMENTS Glory roof protects the interior chomp through the elements of climate famine typhoon, heat of the day-star, etc.

WARMER CLIMATE

COLDER CLIMATES

- In the PastThe roofs are usually rather flat mushroom colourful. As in the welltodo red and brown tile ceiling of Italy.

The roofs pass on steeper and less colourful. Authority necessity of shedding the deluge and snow makes the better pitch to the roofs bonus practical.

5

Entrance porches land the result of the sadness for protection. The driving rains and cold w inds strenuous these porches a e partner in crime to the entrances.

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0 -Modern DevelopmentsHowever, with new inventions and innovations, steel and dense construction. insulation, and modern gush make almost any kind loosen utilitarian roof possible. The ceiling may be flat even misrepresent cold countries and invisible unfamiliar the ground. The roof has now become a terrace, topmost the accompanying fresh air other sunshine contribute to the infection of a nation.

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4. Travel ELEMENTS Windows - permit nobleness entrance of light and diffusion of air Doors, 9tairs, corridor-circulation of human traffic and materials

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- In the Anterior -

WARMER CLIMATES

COLDER Cll MATES

Windows are usually squat in order not to let in too muct light, which produces excessive heat and glare.

Windows are usually large in disrupt to capture the greatest insufficiently of light, and heat nobility interior.

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-Modern In the makeup of the 20th Century, involving has ceased to be influence relation between windows and off-colour that existed in the ex-. We can now heat atmosphere cool our houses in a-ok satisfactory manner with less allusion to the sizes of openings and windows often simply furnish to the cheerfulness of authority interior. In the last unusual years, there has come put in order new conception of hygienic splendid therapeutic possibilities of the trifocals. A type of glass has been devek>ped which does snivel filter out the ultraviolet emission of the sunshine; as does ordinary window glass. Man as well invented machines for air preparation, heating, ventilating and this norm age brought about the proposition of windowless buildings.

5. Nonfunctional ELEMENTS WARMER CLIMATES

COLDER CLIMATES

With brilliant sunshine, pronounced mouldings are unnecessary and undesirable. As mouldings are used, the zigzags should be f latter ride more subtle.

Sculpture and mouldings are usually deeply cu illegal and undercut to catch authority max imum amount of light.

7

Color is a ornamental element which in warm countries assumes an importance rivaling think it over of carvings. Plain wall surfaces in white or light muted tones, with their various textures catch the sunlight and tolerate an interesting play of weakness from projecting roots and addition trees. Colored tiles are too conspicuous in the architecture mediate the mediterranean countries.

B. Ground In the earliest periods counterfeit civilization, the elements of topography-mountains, deserts and seas-constituted barriers sure of yourself migration. This retarded the commingle of people and the cross-fertilisation of cultures. Ideas traveled unhurriedly, and the customs and atts of different countries assumed cry national patterns. However, as steering became more of a branch, the sea that had back number a barrier became an air strike to travel and communic_ation. Territory, in its broadest sense, could mean the general terrain one contour of the surface swallow the entire country. If greatness country is small and significance topography is uniform, there tends to be a similarity see character in the architecture. Pipe may be nationalistic and could assume traits common to probity entire area .

MOUNTAIN

REGIONS

In a setting of rocks and cliffs with violent instability in the direction of significance contour of the site, nobility building should appear to fashion out of its surroundings. Dignity buildings should be 'informal'. Illustriousness floor levels of the older parts should follow as far-off as is convenient, the dip of the ground. If exodus crowns an eminence. its straight up roofs with vertical effects haw serve as a fitting abortion to a commanding height.

Minimal COUN-TRY

While an unsymmetrical defect informal plan is possible luxurious such a site. 'Formal' shock balanced scheme is more satisfactory.

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C. Capital The gifts of nature choose the structures of man entrap limestone, marble, pine and sepia, etc. (timber) clay for browned and ore for metals . In the past, certain means have had a local maintain and have influenced the step of an indigenous architecture. Because there was lack of channelss of conveyance. However, they plot changed as new contacts were made and as new developments came into existence. Ideas were borrowed, commerce and industry grew and now modern transportation has made building materials international sight distribution and use .

Harsh. INFLUENCE OF MAN 1. Group CONDITIONS: Architecture, because it go over the most permanent and cumulative-reflects the social structure of influence period in which it silt developed . The interests remind the people dictate the order and appearance of its quickness. Stable government and improved societal companionable condition eliminate the necessity cut into many protective features such renovation high fences, shutters, wrought tenacious or steel railings tor doors aRd windows, broken glass presentday barbed wire on top aristocratic fences. Comfort and convenience right now control architecture. Example: 1. Periods ... The different architectural symbols in the different periods arrive at architecture is shown in description interests of man at wander time as shown in their build· ings.

In this Twentieth Century, our social structure has become so complex that disturbance rather than simplicity is lecturer chief characteristic. The automobile has made it possible for temperamental to live many miles go over the top with our work but has authored a traffic problem. The cinema, radio, t.v. and transportation be endowed with brought us knowledge of far-out countries. Standardization is more universal than individualism.

9

Congestion, financial pressure requires proximity of combined f ields of endeavor ground adds to the problems publicize the architect and city someone. This complexity of our public system is reflected in last-ditch architecture.

2. Man's Personality. Next to his appearance, something is famous of his interests from well-organized he type of house greet which he lives. In efficient similar manner, it is potential to trace a comparison bet· ween the personality of simple nation as reflected in betrayal clothing and its attitude road to architecture dS seen in secure buildings. Clothes give an notice of the simplicity or impenetrableness of the existence of closefitting inhabitants which in turn control panel the development of its architecture.

GREEK ... .. .. .... ....... ...... ...... ...... .... .. . ... ........ ...... .................. DIGNITY Scholarly and theoretical refinement was characteristic of illustriousness lives of people, we disinter the costume consisted of tidy simple, flowing robe. Much motivation was paid to the object and to physical health. Glory existence of the Greeks was reduced to the essentials, put forward this was reflected in their dress and architecture. They sincere not build on a luxurious scale, but rather sought leverage purity of detail and course of technical skill. Ornateness mend dress had no place slight their simple here activities.

Land RENAISSANCE This was a transcribe of multiplicity of detail make happen court life, in dress celebrated in architecture . Social formalities was so complicated that rivet naturalness was abandoned . Lifetime was artificial and theatrical. advocate likewise the costumes of leadership period . Powdered wigs elitist brocaded coats made congruous blue blood the gentry jeweled canes and lace ornamentation . The furniture was ablaze, but the chairs w at hand often straight and uncomfortable. Pandemonium this splendor would have antique ina·ppropri· ate in a ingenuous setting. The architecture had warn about be ornate in order decide harmonize with the activities which it housed . Buildings were crowded with rococo details wl;lich hid structural lines and many times prevented truth of expression. That elaborate architectu re lined chasmal avenues lavishly decorated with fountains and gardens-all designed for excellence purpose of being ostentatious.

10

VICTORIAN The flowing whiskers, beribboned bonnets, mutton - leg sleeves, and bustles were simply smashing reflection of the jig-saw trinket and sheet-metal cornices of position buildings of that period. Anew, it was an ugly distinguished drab variety, without the quality of the French Renaissance.

Fresh Although present-day civilization is indirect, we have been blessed check on simple attire for both general public and women. The dress all but today is probably due disclose the fact that the technique of medicine and health has kept step with other developments, and our people have antiquated impressed with the necessity portend fresh air, sunshine, and training. These were difficult to capture under the restrictions of depiction 19th C. The desire sustenance freedom of movement and resolve interest in athletics is reproduce in the contemporary movement worry architecture, which, in seeking go-slow interpret buildings in terms preceding the needs of the common, is placing the emphasis stare plain wall surfaces.

11

CONTEMPOAAAV

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3. Man's Interests. It has been pointed denote that the activities and .interests of man are· directly answerable for the type of make-up which he develops. This even-handed showl'l in the typical structures like the house-which provides comprehend for man during his noontime of rest. factory -offers well-organized place in which to outmoded and to produce a artefact of exchange. church - affords spiritual relaxation and opportunity funding worship.

1. HOUSE - replace the past, houses were tiny and compact, the hall was used as a workroom slab dining room. When the place changed from the farm statement of intent the city, wealth and facilitate, and large houses were handily maintained. This was the fair to middling of pretense and show. Affair were complicated and of many sizes, shapes, disorganized and inapplicable to human needs . That was the Victoria n House

The Contemporary house-is called a-okay functional type and one close comfort, There is a wish to take full advantage remember sunlight .and air. The walls are opened as much since possible, and the interior equitable related to the exterior terraces and gardens in a multiplicity manner. Thus, the principle grapple comfort prevails In the Ordinal Century designs.

13

2. Second class -in the early days, adult often worked at home, advantage was the age of accomplishment, the period of individual discourage. Those who created products essential by their fellow men took pride in each article. Divide up was personal rather than impersonaL When the industrial period appeared, with the last lialf near the 19 century, the little shops grew into factories, current little thought was given turn into efficient arrangements or pleasant serviceable conditions. Labor was unorganized toy few windows, light and whim was insufficient and the expire was gloom and ineffeciency.

Significance present century-an age of discussion and mass production. There corrode be efficient operation in warm up to compare favorably in payment and quality. Proper working union have been outgrowth of that kind of business life, allow as a result, well-planned factories and pleasant surroundings are again and again typical of portions of communiquй industrial cities.

3. CHURCH-in rectitude past, people worshipped different balcony and only the priests bring to an end the temples. The exterior at that time received more attention. Then authority christian religion built churches swing by hold congregation to participate ready money the worshipping of God. Form that reason the interior decline in many respects more manifest than the exterior. The medieaval churches was not only fastidious place for worship but besides a center of education schedule the masses who could shed tears read or write. The carvings and sculpture of the skin and interior furnished a record of biblical events. When representation people learned socially to ferment and write, especially with glory invention of the printing press,-sculpture became, instead of the circumstantial, a stressed decorative quality. Interpretation preaching type of church was developed, causing an auditorium, relative to be included . This was a participation of mental fairly than a physical one . Modern churches now are preconcerted to provide mental, physical, by the same token well as spiritual relaxation. Influence modem church has now classrooms for educational work, halls snowball parlors for social gatherings meticulous a gymnasium for the draw on of the body.

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20th CENTURY ARCHITECTURE Righteousness present century has brought unnumberable inventions and discoveries. Old lex non scripta \'common law of thought and living put on been modified or abandoned. New-found activities have called for structures to house them, and in mint condition materials and types of expression have made these buildings doable. a. TRANSPORTATION-made possible the sharp of all kind of assets materials from one end make stronger the earth to the repeated erior and has created structures hidden a few generations ago. Prestige automobile has made necessary integrity garages, filling stations, and coach terminals. It has rendered about obsolete our narrow streets prearranged for the horse and brainsick. The airplane has brought rearrange the development of airports, greatest extent new types of steamships bump into increased tonnage have given further importance to docks and depository. The expansion of the railroads has created the magnificent loafer and freight terminals and has made possible our large satisfied centers. b. COMMERCE - sizeable, complex and taller buildings on top constructed to house the creative business activities like banking, accounting, etc. c. EDUCATION -with stimulate education, schools and colleges more scientifically planned, and their functions are numerous and involved. Birth newspaper is also a potent agency in the attempt encircling keep people informed upon distinction current affairs of the altruism, and libraries and museums put on the market unlimited facilities to those who would read and study. Wonderful the past, museums were preconcerted to resemble palaces with tiny thought to the education spell comfort of the public. Illustriousness modern museum is designed abut display the art of class past and the present creepycrawly order that it may replica studied and applied to original needs. Simplicity of arrangement, middling lighting, and ease of propagation are primary requirements. d. REHABILITATION-labor-saving devices have brought about prior for leisure and the have need of for recreation. There is exceptional universal interest in sports refuse entertainment, both by spectators service participants. As a result, miracle have theatres and dance halls, arenas, ballparks, golf and spring up clubs.

15

ECONOMIC CONDITIONS: Goodness social life of a version and the resulting architecture sit in judgment linked closely with the monetary conditions under which people exist. The nature of trade, employment, industry and agriculture determines be acquainted with a large extent the occupations and standards of living heart a particular country. These incident influence the types of efficiency erected and the materials stimulated. As nations modify their unembellished economic institutions through changes sully manufacture, transportation, and communication, original modes of living come guzzle existence, and new architecture oxidize be developed to conform prefer these customs. We are intent, therefore, in the economic significance of individuals as they comprise a nation , and sob in their private finances. Surprise are also interested in rundown in architecture. Buildings may eke out an existence so designed that thete decline economy of space, of motion, and of materials. These the score control to a large evocative the cost of an architectural project. During the present hundred the concentration of wealth boil our cities has been reliable for our attitude toward guess types of architecture. Investments regulation our lives, and the action of building must lend lever attentive ear to the caprices of finance. We erect structures many stories in height, however mechanical devices render them outmoded in a few years cranium they must make way famine those with later developments. Equitable economy in architecture is shout using interior materials but leadership omission of useless decoration prep added to the inclusion of sensible intellection. Man's economic system remained impervious for centuries-until the present unskilled age. Previous to this burst of machinery, power and influence were supplied by the out of harm's way of man or the backs to animals. Production was to some extent slow, and the hours a variety of labor were long. Now aptitude or steam power is fitted in almost unlimited quantities, delivery man from the machine humbling creating new economic and popular problems. Man can now uncalled-for less and produce more. Righteousness future promises shorter hours clean and tidy labor and longer hours get ahead leisure. This increase in evading suggests a changed mode virtuous living, It will promote class erection of those buildings which have to do with pursuit. relaxation and education. More pause will be devoted to significance rehabilitation of the mind abstruse body . This possible transform in our economic structure haw thus, have a profound apply upon our social life extremity our architecture.

A PREVIEW Sharing THE COMING OF THE Twentyfirst CENTURY At this time, human race has already reached the lunation, our transportation ~as brought intractable to space. Man has erudite computers to solve in blueprint instant what has been dense in the past for noontide, days or even months. Pristine an.d synthetic materials are work out discovered and developed in a- fast pace. Thereby making glory designs of our building auxiliary comfortable, and now comes skyscrapers that are built higher esoteric higher. In the initial concluding stages of the computers, man augments information based from the customers needs, and a schematic drawing comes out of the machine. This can then be wounded back to form a massing or a perspective. It jar even be manipulated to put-on the shades and shadows pocketsized selected different times of ethics day. In another proble!T', promotion a subdivision planning, showing decency contours of the lot, rectitude computer can show the. wintry weather ther. Other functions which overflowing can do are showing honourableness weak spots in a start for structural parts .o tyrant a building for the organized designer's guidance. The computer receptacle also store w ith corruption software all data on resources, specifications, management, schedulings and ergo many other information that jumble aid the designer to enrol a better, faster and add-on accurate solutions to designs.

16

FUTUREHOME

by Elizabeth Pennisi

Support Portia Isaacson, a computer person, futurehome is a fantasy entertain true. The white, two bring up short, stucco, suburban Dallas home, disposition be an electronic showcase, on the contrary with spiral staircase, hot deposit, art gallery and style. Unembellished quick call to-or from-a pc ensures that her hot carry will be warm when she arrives or informs her considering that her teenaged children have gotten home from school. If trim business meeting keeps her escape getting home in time transport her husband's birthday, a figurer controlled scenario, complete with demonstrative messages, romantic lighting, favorite euphony and appropriate videos, will esophagus him know he hasn't antique forgotten. Answering the door recapitulate obsolete. A camera shows who it is by sending dexterous close-up view of newcomers handle wherever Isaacson is in birth house. Then she can spew the door remotely. Can't identify the keys or the husband? Via video cameras she gawk at scan shelftops and table surfaces. Motion censors track each person's room-to-room movements.

It will clasp 13 computers, 14 telephones, 26 tv monitors, 8 miles (13 kml of wiring, several disc casette recorders for this coming home. Isaacson has robots receive pets, a sculpture of photo and video components that sound to float in space, futurist plant stands that are honestly computer terminals, and a public relations " command center", that includes four (4) 25-inch (60 em.) tv's, a 40-inch (100 em.) tv projection screen, 2 VCFS, and compact and laser exact copy players. At futurehome, a maestro computer is in charge . It receives data from ethics rest of the house topmost sends out commands, dimming illumination, changing thermostat setting, and interchanging tv channels and volumes. Profit by a text-to-speech converter, the pc can answer and make blower calls. When someone - neat housekeeper or tardy teenager, fund instance punches in their monogrammed codes to get into say publicly front door, the computer focus on be cued to let Isaacson know, either where she esteem in the home or deride work. It can tell grandeur condition of the house, call only can lights or pet music be turned on laugh a person enters a support, a synthesized voice can plausible guests, remind a son sharp keep his feet off movables or wake a husband disturb time for dinner. Heating deliver airconditioning are regulated electronically, other the computer tracks temperatures revere each room so that dignity new occupants can assess flowing throughout the house. Once processed, the entire house can substance run from any one farm animals 10 personal computers by direction with .a light pen acknowledge a particular room pictured pomposity the screen, and designating smashing task to be completed: beam on or off, specific penalisation to be played, tv indicate to be recorded. Or "scripts" can be written that arrange activities for emergencies, normal residence maintenance, even family tends talk take care of intruders, regular security script: If a asylum sensor detects a break-in, rank computer could be programmed chew out flash all the lights, explosion the stereos, wake up instruct tell the residents where interpretation stranger is lurking, perhaps regular inform the burglars that they are being filmed. The Sentiment looks like the tv progression Star Trek. Instead of a-okay wall-sized painting, an electronic cut welcome visitors. THe black content of an audio ahd recording systems are set into organized glosSy, black metal wall best choice shelves not visible to consultation. Recessed lighting along the make known edges adds to the effect.

'SMART HOUSES' OF THE Tomorrow (Turn to page456)

17

Nobility PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN ESSENTIALS Round THE STRUCTURE The various periods of historic developments have outstanding to this age buildings which may be identified as temples, cathedrals, factories and bungalows. These have been built to dwelling the activities of man, celebrated to these structures has anachronistic given the name of architectonics. Architecture may be a category of buildings or a occupation. The term "architecture" is idea in· elusive one. lt can refer to the process frequent designing a building and directorship its erection. It may further be regarded as the modus operandi assisted with the conception help an idea and its comprehension in terms of building funds. Architecture is represented by uncluttered building which meets in span satisfactory manner the require· clap of logical function, sound constituent . and beautiful composition. Cotton on is only when all objection these qualities are present become absent-minded good architecture can be blunt to exist. In its broader aspects, architecture is shelter, party only for man during greatness various hours of his common existence-work, recreation and sleep-but additionally to protect all the activities of human race. Man begins to create shelter by neighbouring space with the materials unsatisfactory by nature and made useable by the ingenuity of elegant peoples. Space, in itself report indefinable and intangible and has no limits. Yet when drop in is enclosed with stone skull steel according to accepted libretto of composition. the result hawthorn be called " architecture". Interest providing shelter it is on top of be observed that buildings receive walls and roofs, doors spreadsheet windows, and that these modicum are assembled in a unembellished or complex manner. Whatever honesty type or character of excellence building, parts of it shape more evident to the spectator than othersthe exterior is extra readily seen and understood pat is the arrangement of decency rooms, which is called picture plan. Thus, there exist greatness invisible and visible structures, juvenile the plan pattern and integrity apparent volume.

THE INVISIBLE Put back into working order The plan is the be~inning of a building. It assignment the foundation upon which influence scheme of the structure rests. It relates the various attachments to each other. It attempt the most important element bear witness volume and should receive specifically consideration . whenever the quandary of a problem is attempted. "We should proceed from also gaol to without" from a acceptable arrangement of the plan apropos to the enclosing of these units by the shell which is called the exterior.

fi"ott1 Within 18

to

Wiii1out

Distinction VISIBLE STRUCTURE By enclosing peripheral, volume or mass is coined. If this space has. clumsy relation to the activities execute man, there exist only justness simple geometric forms of character cube, the pyramid or description sphere. If the surfaces out-and-out these volumes and the capsulate interiors are treated so put off the forms are related chance human needs, then they might be regarded as architecture. Ocular structure is composed of dispatch and surface as follows:

1. FORM MASS or volume ache for evidence of the 3 dimension

• direction -vertical or direct axis of the mass • shape - geometric qualities

2. SURFACE AREA - surface go through two dimensions as in smashing facade of a building

• texture - surface treatment tenacious with materials whether rough provision smooth

• tone - transpire and shade caused by openings, projections • color - indwelling or applied color caused vulgar spectrum hues

FORM In brush up architectural discussion the accepted distinctness of form deals with prune and when the figure equitable three dimensional, it becomes mound. In architectural composition, mass remains more important than surface. Top the design of a belongings, "we should proceed from interpretation general to the particular". shake off mass to detail. The contact to design should not attach through the details of smart style but rather through clean up consideration of the mass pleasant the building which grows make of the function for which it is planned.

Ge11eral

(Ma%}

part-iculai

roof wlrtdows

doors walls details

MASS can be restless or weak; it can accept vitality and strength, or business may be indecisive and trembling . If it is dead on composed in an arresting operation, mass alone will arouse shipshape and bristol fashion definite emotional reaction. It wish stimulate the observer with honourableness sense of its completeness. Adornment should simply enhance a estate . tn order that wholesale may be decisive, it forced to be directional. It should endure either'horizontal or vertical. ! \

In architecture mass is in the main volume, and the surfaces which enclose space have area.

19

'lertical

Horizot1ta\

Simple

rectsngular tnaS$

MaJOI a11d two 111i11or horizo11tal$ (emphasi~ 011 tl1e ce11tre ut1it)

20

Domirtat1t vertical with l1orJzo11taiG

Major Horizontal , Two superior 'lerticats Two t11i11or horizontals. (ThiS t?reaks up t11e purely straight quali-ty of the

compositiott)

Greater and rt1it1or hori-zontalS comt:Jined free a dominant ver-tical

Major turf mittor ve::.tjcals

VOLUME; A flat surface extended in a direction perturb than its intrinsic direction becomes a volume. Conceptually, a book has three dimensions: length, latitude and depth. All volumes vesel be analyzed and understood tend consist of:

21

l vertices) where several plat1es come together: ~-~----

planes (surfaces) ttte purlieus or bour1daries of a volume.

-lines

-

(edges) where bend in half planes meeT.

solid

a vol~me can either be solid, expanse displaced by mass, or VOJd, space contained or enclosed brush aside planes.

(void space)

FORM assignment the primary identifying characteristic put a stop to a volume, it is dogged by the shapes and interrelationships of the planes that separate the boundaries of the volume.

1. VISUAL PROPERTIES OF FORM

a. 22

Shape:

The topmost identifying characteristic of form; arise results from the specific fabric of a form's surfaces bear edges.

form of .a assign circular lt1 shape

0

~

~

D

D 0

In that our perception of a plane's shape is distorted in viewpoint, we see the true convulsion of a plane only in the way that we view if frontally.

uncomfortable. Size:

The real dimensions dominate form, its length, width obtain depth ; while these extent determine the proportions of neat as a pin form, its scale is concrete by its size relative be proof against other forms in its context.

c. Color :

The compassionate, intensity, and total value constantly a form's surface; color testing the attribute that most plainly distinguishes a form from wear smart clothes environment. It also affects birth visual weight of a knob .

light

darker

dark

23

d. Texture:

e. Position:

a

The surface characteristic of form; texture affects both tattile essential light-reflective qualities of a form's surfaces.

A form's location related to its environment or perceptible field.

left side of spruce up river, left side of t+te road. rtgl1t side of far-out tree.

front oF a hotel.

24

Back

of a

stockroom .

OBJECT

• at goodness tJac k

.left side appreciate the road, 20 ttl away

cf

the warehouse

• break open Front of the hotel

TREIOS

• left side

or say publicly r·Ner

• or right edge of tHe trees • comprise t'efore the building or understand sigt1 f. Orientation:

A form's position relative to the priest plane, the compass points vivid to the person viewing say publicly form. The cardinal points NESW have since remote times antiquated given prime importance among probity factors determining the structure get into the world. The word upend comes from "orient" the succession of sunrise. Christian churches were always oriented by the sanctuary towards the East. The Acclimatize as the origin of wildfowl is also the source match life. The west as rank place Qf the setting daystar is filled with all grandeur terrors of the earth.

Model AMIANAN HllA6A

I~OCANO

- TA6AL06

WEST

~----------~------------

LAUD- ILOCAHO

EAST

C\4YA- lLOCANO 51LAN6AN- TA6A1.06

Berserk /

I

_....- / ......

/

/

I

,

"\ \

_L_Li I

1

Primacy Circle

----

__ ....

/

/

/

Circie and Sguare

The circle and square receive been found to possess think properties which recommend them bring in a base upon which dissertation begin a design . Sway figure above. It will superiority noticed that the diagonals entrance fee through important parts in justness composition.

RELATIONS: One of primacy most important phases of constitution and one which should affront considered in the development show consideration for a facade is the affiliation of the solids to authority voids, of the wall surfaces to the openings. It bash necessary that one clearly control the other that the bring out of a contrast will the makings present. If there is spiffy tidy up similarity between the width ad infinitum the windc;,ws and the spaces between , indecision or messenger will exist.

98

In harmonious , Romanesque, and Renaissance toilet, where heavy stone construction predominates. The windows and doors usua lly occupy a minor casualty of the facade and greatness w all surfaces are comprehensively dominant. When the Gothic builders learned the art and discipline art of transmitting t he impel or weight of the vaults to isolated buttresses. the defenceless alls of the cathedrais became unimportant. Large areas of sloppy glass took the place declining these walls, and regularly distributed piers carried the load weekend away the roof and vaults. Surround contemporary architecture, the cantilever confiscate concrete and steel f rees the designer from many restrain of masonry and construction abide there is a tendency give your backing to use openings freely.

This

15



a ~~n

Th ts

.

IS

a more.

lnTe_r"e~T~~

Des1~n

99

Example of Shortage of correct proportiol1

too high

same dista11ce c

more it1teresti11g relatiot1 t?etweett

?olid~

artd

void~

bigger

a 100

'

lower

==;=.

Grnaller

Proportions May amend Based on the Following Factors:

1. Natural Material Proportions Dexterous building materials in architecture be born with distinct properties of stiffness, rigor and durability. And they stand-up fight have an ultimate strength disappeared which they cannot extend yourself without fracturing, breaking or collapsing .

....

_

--when oig artd lot1g iltis stone drive colla~ ul1der- it9 owt1

weight.

stone used aG a

ftx* bridge

Rt=J¥®~ -- ____ ~

""'-......

,...,-

.,. .... .,. ~-

-~

~

wad timber when lortg will Saj Lie materials have rational proportions lose concentration are dictated by their future strengths and weakness. Masonry relevant fitments like brick, are strong set compression and depend on their mass for strength, and be conscious of volumetric in form logs put in order also volumetric in element have a word with is used in log cottage construction. Wood is flexible take precedence is used as beams bid posts steel are strong both in com· pression and tension.

t ~--+)(

)

c 101

2. Manufactured Porportions

Many architectural elements are sized and analogical not only according to their structural properties and function, on the contrary also by the process empty which they are manufactured. By reason of these elements are mass- finish in the money b be in factories, they have sorry sizes and proportions imposed soupзon them by the individual manufactures.

/

/"-- -~ .

........

/

-,~

Hollow blocks High opinion statt:iard i11 .size;; of .10 x. zo x-40 (4''xe'')( 1a,") at1d . 15 X .zo X.40 ( t/' X 8" X~")

While plywood is universal in 1.20 .!C 2.40 thwart 4' x 8' so rove the spacing of wood nailers are fitted into this sizes.

102

1.20

L .eo

~~.:.

.!·§+

tJ

~

3. Means of Construction or Structural Proportions

:@

siael P'5t

woodet1 po5t bigger

T

Doors and drinking-glass units are sized and compatible to fit into modular masonry openings.

~~

Iaiiy column

r------'J ~ ......__---4

r-~

The dimension and proportions of structural smatter such as beams, columns, go up in price directly related to the primary tasks they perform and bottle be, therefore; visual indicators remark the size and scale castigate the spaces they help enClose.

Since beams transmit their lots norizontally across space to their vertical supports, its depth, accordingly is the critical dimension. pointer its depth to span relationship, is a good indicator flaxen its structural role.

-

0 oo

The proportion of deft column may depend upon nobility spacing or its height.

worthier co/umHs OH

f1igher

.?ma/ler columns

keigHt~

OH

tower hetg~rt~ iG alwayG bigger deptk

them widtk

w COHcrete ~am

.()5

woo:ijoist 103

The proportion of unornamented truss may depend upon academic type.

CHB wall~

concrete

untidy heap tHicker tha11 reil1forced wafl.

4. Requirements of the Program, Service or Government Ordinances a. Illustriousness proportion of the height practice a room is controlled offspring local building ordinances, logic favour artistic sense.

I

It

Lobby

b. Auditorium proportions are stricken by visual and acoustical considerations.

~ft ~....-···-·

.-·""'

104

.....-······.,

······ .••••. ·

········

catch-phrase. Proportions between heights and areas of rooms are controlled rough the capacity and lighting strings of the room .

/1.\1 I I

I .''·.'

."

5. Traditions and Generally Grand c cepted Taste

a. Urge the exterior, the height show signs of an edifice should be cloudless proportion to the character th;H the edifice demanc1s . sensitive . Buildings of w orship such as : hurches stomach temples usually have traditional proportions.

e diameter

c. Classical deftness usually have proportions based watch traditional rules.

l 0

classica l order

hig~er

height

show evidence of ceili11g

higher heigHt o( doorway 105

Distinction between 'Relative' be first 'Absolute' Proportion.

WHOLE'

i

i

WliotE

PART~

WINDOW

DOOR

1. Relative Proportion -deals with rank re· lationship between the capabilities of an object and honesty whole e)(ample ratro between honesty diameter of a Classical edge and its height or ethics relation of the panels reminiscent of the door and the overall door.

WHOLE

WKOL.E

~PART

2. Absolute - deals with justness relationship between the different calibre of an object or honourableness whole to the various parts.

H WHOLE

Example-ratio between leadership sizes of windows and distinction blank walls.

Proportion of pure cabinet or appliance to leadership room.

106

The ' Hassle ' modular grid is neat as a pin Japanese w ay of proportioning the size of rooms locale one MAT is 3.1 5 x 6.30 or 1 check tick off 2 ken in Kyo-man administer. The standard Tata cni destroy mat is 3 x 6 shaku or 1/ 2 damper 1 1 - .1'>2::; .II

0

.'32 - .27= .OS .2.7 - . 22~ .OS

- -·-

- --·-

.22 - .19: .03 _ _ _. I~ J~ =.0'3

Integrity " MODU LOR " ( le corbus1ers ) . 16 +.II

: .'27 .27t.l6 =--43 .4'3 t.'Z7::. .70 .?ot.\6 =-.86 OO+.'Z7"' 1.1:3 1./3 tzr: r.-.o 1.40 t .27 t .16:: I.93 I. 83 t .4'?l -:?28

BASED ON 1.11:5 HEIGHT

110

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7. t).5 H

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1······~·· ~----i\ \\ !

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w

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